An Overview of Important Ethnomedicinal Herbs of Phyllanthus Species: Present Status and Future Prospects

Table 1

Major phytochemicals isolated from Phyllanthus amarus, P. debilis, P. fraternus, P. maderaspatensis, P. tenellus, P. urinaria, and P. virgatus.

Species	Class	Phytochemical	References
P. amarus	Lignans	Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin	[6, 7]
		Niranthin, nirtetralin	[8, 9]
		Phyltetralin	[9]
		Heliobupthalmin lactone, virgatusin	[8]
		Isonirtetralin, lintetralin
		Isolintetralin, demethylenedioxy-niranthin, 5-demethoxy-niranthin	[7]
		Hinokinin	[10]
		3-(3,4-Dimethoxy-benzyl)-4-(7-methoxy benzo[1,3] dioxol-5-yl-methyl)-dihydrofuran-2-one, 4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-(7-methoxybenzol[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2,3-bis-methoxymethyl-butan-1-ol	[11]
	Flavonoids	Rutin	[12]
		Kaempferol, quercetin, quercitrin	[13]
		Astragalin, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside	[14]
		Quercetin-3-O-glucoside	[12]
	Tannins precursors	Gallic acid, gallocatechin	[15, 16]
		Ellagic acid	[17]
	Tannins	Corilagin	[14]
		Geraniin	[10]
		Amariin, furosin	[16]
		Repandusinic acid A	[18]
		Phyllanthusiin A, B, C, and D	[18]
		Geraniinic acid B, amariinic acid, amarulone, isocorilagin, elaeocarpusin	[15, 16]
	Alkaloids	Securinine	[19, 20]
		Dihydrosecurinine, tetrahydrosecurinine,	[20]
		Securinol, phyllanthin, allo-securine	[20]
		Norsecurinine	[21]
		Epibubbialine, isobubbialine	[22]
		Phenazine and phenazine derivatives	[15]
	Triterpenes	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid	[23]
		2Z,6Z,10Z,14E,18E,22E-Farnesyl farnesol	[7]
		Lupeol, phyllanthenol, phyllanthenone	[14]
	Volatile oil	Linalool, phytol	[24]
P.  debilis	Oxirano-furanocoumarin	Decalactone	[25]
P.  fraternus	Lignans	Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin	[26, 27]
		Niranthin, nirtetralin, phyltetralin
	Alkamides	E,E-2,4-Octadienamide, E,Z2,4-decadienamide	[28]
P. maderaspatensis	Lignans	Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, niranthin, phyltetralin, nirtetralin, Heliobupthalmin lactone, virgatusin	[8]
	Lipids	Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid	[29]
P. tenellus	Lignans	Niranthin, nirtetralin, hinokinin	[10]
	Tannins	Pinocembrin-7-O-[4′′,6′′-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-β-D-glucose, pinocembrin-7-O-[3′′-O-galloyl-4′′,6′′-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-β-D-glucose	[30]
P. urinaria	Lignans	Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, niranthin, nirtetralin, virgatusin, heliobupthalmin lactone	[8]
		Phyltetralin	[31]
		5-Demethoxyniranthin	[32]
		Lintetralin, urinatetralin, urinaligran, dextrobursehernin	[33]
	Ellagitannin	Geraniin	[34]
		Ellagic acid	[35–37]
		Corilagin	[36, 38]
		Phyllanthusiin U	[36]
		Gallic acid	[35]
	Flavonoid	Quercitrin, rutin, astragalin, quercetin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol	[39]
		Rhamnocitrin	[31]
	Acid	Hexacosanoic acid	[40]
	Alkanol	Triacontanol	[40]
	Phytallate	Phyllester	[40]
	Sterol	β-Sitosterol, daucosterol	[35]
	Triterpenes	β-Amyrin, lupeol acetate	[31, 40]
		Methyl gallate, trimethyl 1-3,4 dehydrochebulate
	Coumarin	Methyl brevifolin carboxylate	[31]
P. virgatus	Lignans	Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, niranthin, nirtetralin, heliobupthalmin lactone, virgatusin	[8]
		Hinokinin, isolintetralin, phyltetralin, (+)-8-3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl-8′-(3′,4′-dimethoxybenzyl)-butyrolactone	[41]
	Tannins	Virgatyne, virganin, norlignan	[42]
	Ellagitannins	Geraniin	[10]
	Flavonoid sulfonates	Galanin-8-sulfonate, galanin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside-8-sulfonate, Kaempferol-8-sulfonate	[42]
	Acid	Indole-3-carboxylic acid	[41]