Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities of Bixa orellana L.: A Review

Table 2

The main carotenoids from the seeds of Bixa orellana.

Carotenoid	Country of isolation	Physical aspect	References
Apo-ψ-carotene, 9′Z-6′-ol	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Beta carotene	Brazil	183°C	[47]
	Suriname	*	[48]
Bixin	Brazil	198°C	[49–51]
	Peru	*	[52]
	Dominican Rep.	*	[53]
	Suriname	*	[48]
	USA	*	[54]
Z-Carotene	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Cryptoxanthin	Suriname	173°C	[48]
Dimethyl-(9Z)-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate	Brazil	Oil	[52]
Dimethyl-(9Z,9′Z)-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate	Brazil	Oil	[50]
Phytoene	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Phytofluene	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Geranylgeraniol	Brazil	Oil	[52]
Lutein	Suriname	196°C	[48]
Methyl-(9Z)-10′-oxo-6,10′-diapocarotene-6-oate	Brazil	Oil	[50]
Methyl-(9Z)-6′-oxo-6,5′-diapocarotene-6-oate	Brazil	Oil	[50]
Methyl-(9Z)-8′-oxo-6,8′-diapocarotene-6-oate	Brazil	Oil	[50]
Methyl-(9′Z)-apo-6′-lycopenoate	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Methyl-(7Z,9Z,9′Z)-apo-6′-lycopenoate	Brazil	Oil	[55]
Methyl-(9Z)-apo-8′-lycopenoate	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Methyl-(all-E)-apo-8′-lycopenoate	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Neurosporene	Brazil	Oil	[46]
Norbixin	Brazil	300°C	[52]
Trans-bixin	Jamaica	195°C	[56]
Zeaxanthin	Suriname	215°C	[48]

Source: [57].