Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Biological Activities of Bixa orellana L.: A Review

Table 3

Biological activities of extracts of annatto in American countries.

Country; biological activity	Part used	Type of extract	Organism tested	Model tested	Dose; used	Activity	References
Argentina
Antibacterial	LE	EtOH	Bacillus subtilis	In vitro	5 mg/mL	Inactive	[70]
			Escherichia coli	In vitro	5 mg/mL	Inactive	[70]
			Micrococcus luteus	In vitro	5 mg/mL	Inactive	[70]
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	In vitro	5 mg/mL	Inactive	[70]
			Staphylococcus aureus	In vitro	5 mg/mL	Inactive	[70]
Antifungal	LE	EtOH	Aspergillus niger	In vitro	5 mg/mL	Inactive	[70]
			Candida albicans	In vitro	5 mg/mL	Inactive	[70]
Antiviral	SE	EtOH	Virus Herpes simplex 1	Cell culture	0.78 mg/mL	Inactive	[71]
Insecticidal	AP	MeOH	Insect	Sitophilus oryzae	5%	Inactive	[71]
Brazil
Antimalarial	SE	CHCl3	Mouse	Plasmodium berghei	100 mg/kg	Inactive	[26]
Antioxidant	SE	EtOH	In vitro	DPPH assay	0.1 g L^−1	Active	[6]
Insect repellent	SE	Petr. eth	Hamster	Lutzomyia longipalpis	1 g/L	Active	[72]
	SE	EtOH	Mosquito	Aedes aegypti	18.2 mg/mL	Active	[6]
Molluscicidal	SE	EtOH	Conch	Biomphalaria glabrata	10,000 ppm	Inactive	[73]
Mutagenic		Powder	Mouse	Bone marrow cells	10,670 ppm	Inactive	[67]
Toxicity	SE	Powder	Rat	In vivo	500 mg/kg	Inactive	[74]
Antileishmanial	LE/RO	EtOH	Leishmania amazonensis	In vitro	0,12–2,5 mg/mL	Active	[75]
Antileishmanial	SE	OE	Leishmania amazonensis	In vitro	10/50/100/500/1000 𝜇g/mL	Active	[76]
Hyperlipidemia	SE	H2O	Mouse	In vitro	400 and 800 mg/kg	Active	[77]
Colombia
Snakebite	LE	EtOH	Mouse	Bothrops atrox	LD50 > 260 𝜇g/animal	Active	[29]
Costa Rica
Anti-inflammatory	RO	EtOH	Rat	Paw edema/carrageenan	100 mg/kg	Inactive	[78]
Cuba
Positive inotropic effect	AP	H2O	Guinea pig	Isolated atrium	320 𝜇L	Inactive	[79]
Antimalarial	SE		Plasmodium gallinaceum/falciparum	In vivo/in vitro	500 mg/kg	Active	[80]
Cytotoxic	SE	EtOH	Tumor cells	In vitro	3,9–250 mg/mL	Active	[81]
Ecuador
Antifungal	LE	MeOH	Aspergillus niger	In vitro	10 mg/disk	Inactive	[82]
			Candida albicans	In vitro	10 mg/disk	Inactive	[82]
			Cryptococcus neoformans	In vitro	10 mg/disk	Inactive	[82]
			Fusarium oxysporum	In vitro	10 mg/disk	Inactive	[82]
			Neurospora crassa	In vitro	10 mg/disk	Inactive	[82]
			Penicillium purpurogenum	In vitro	10 mg/disk	Inactive	[82]
			Trichophyton mentagrophytes	In vitro	10 mg/disk	Active	[82]
Guatemala
Antibacterial	LE	Various	Escherichia coli	In vitro	50 𝜇L/disk	Inactive	[83]
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	In vitro	MIC > 10 mg/mL	Inactive	[83]
			Salmonella typhi	In vitro	MIC > 10 mg/mL	Inactive	[83]
			Shigella dysenteriae	In vitro	50 𝜇L	Inactive	[83]
			Staphylococcus aureus	In vitro	MIC > 10 mg/mL	Inactive	[83]
Antifungal	LE	H2O	Aspergillus flavus	In vitro	MIC > 10 mg/mL	Inactive	[84]
			Candida albicans	In vitro	MIC > 10 mg/mL	Inactive	[84]
			Microsporum gypseum	In vitro	MIC > 10 mg/mL	Inactive	[84]
Antigonorrheal	LE	EtOH	Neisseria gonorrhea	In vitro	50 μL/disk	Active	[32]
Antitrypanosomal	LE	EtOH	Trypanosoma cruzi	In vitro	MIC > 1 mg/mL	Inactive	[83]
Cytotoxic	LE	H2O	Crustacean	Artemia salina	LC50 > 1,000 ppm	Inactive	[83]
Inhib. of platelet aggregation	SE	/	In vitro	Thrombin aggregation	IC50 0.795 mg/mL	Inactive	[35]
Hawaii
Contraceptive	RO	/	Mouse	/	0.2 mL/animal	Inactive	[85]
Jamaica
Hypoglycemic	SE	CHCl3	Dog		1 g	Active	[39]
		H2O	Dog		200 mL/animal	Active	[39]
Antioxidant	SE	EtOH	In vitro	In vitro	0.25 and 2.5 𝜇g/mL	Active	[86]
Mexico
Allergenic	SE	Oil	Human		25 μL/ person	Active	[87]
Paraguay
Insecticidal	SE	Petr. ether	Insect	Rhodnius neglectus	50 μg	Inactive	[42]
Puerto Rico
Molluscicidal	TP	H2O	Conch	Lymnaea cubensis	LD100 > 1 M ppm	Inactive	[88]
Dominican Republic
Cytotoxic	SE	EtOH	Cell culture	Molt 4 cells	200 𝜇g/mL	Inactive	[89]
Trinidad and Tobago
Antibacterial	SE	EtOAc	Escherichia coli	In vitro	1,000 𝜇g/mL	Inactive	[90]
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	In vitro	1,000 𝜇g/mL	Inactive	[90]
USA
Anticonvulsant	RA	EtOH	Mouse	Seizures/electroshock	100 mg/kg	Inactive	[91]
			Rat	Seizures/pentylenetetrazole	400 mg/kg	Inactive	[91]
Antimalarial	SE	CHCl3	Chicken	Plasmodium gallinaceum	388 mg/kg	Inactive	[92]
Mutagenic	SE	MeOH	Salmonella typhimurium		100 mg/plaque	Inactive	[93]
		H2O	In vitro	Placental trophoblasts	100 mg/plaque	Inactive	[93]
Hypotensive	RA	EtOH	Rat		50 mg/kg	Active	[93]
Toxicity	RA	H2O	Mouse		LD50 > 700 mg/kg	Inactive	[92]

LE: leaf; AP: aerial part; TP: total plant; RO: root; SE: seed; /: not given; LD50: 50% lethal dose; IC50: concentration that inhibits 50% of the effect; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration.