Mechanical Characteristics of Hardened Concrete with Different Mineral Admixtures: A Review

Table 2

Total porosity of cement replaced hardened pastes after partially replacing the cement content.

Authors	Mineral admixture	w/c or w/b ratio	% content	Total porosity (%)					Remark
				3 days	7 days	28 days	60 days	90 days
Chindaprasirt et al. [15]	Control		0	—	29.5	26.5	21.5	20	Results are approximated from Figure  2 of [15]
	Original fly ash		20	—	33	29	24	21.5
		0.35	40	—	36.5	34	33.5	29
	Classified fly ash		20	—	32	28.5	22.5	21
			40	—	34	31.5	28	26.5
Poon et al. [12]	Control		0	20.11	17.99	15.58	—	14.04	High performance cement pastes
	Metakaolin		5	18.17	15.36	13.82	—	12.51
			10	16.84	15.18	12.37	—	11.68
		0.3	20	16.3	12.85	10.73	—	9.21
	Silica fume		5	18.72	16.83	14.53	—	13.84
			10	16.97	15.49	14.23	—	13.42
	Fly ash		20	22.35	18.59	15.62	—	13.82
Collins and Sanjayan [20]	Control	0.5	0	34.7	34.4	35.6	33.6^¥	—	Results are for pore radius, taken from Table  5 of [20]
	Alkali activated slag		100	33.2	32.2	31.4	24.3^¥	—
Bágel [10]	Control	0.52	—	—	—	—	—	10.39	Results are taken from Table  4 of [10]. Sand/binder ratio of 3 : 1 (by weight) was used and the amount of the water was varied to achieve a desired slump of 155±5 mm
	50% S*, 0% SF	0.52	—	—	—	—	—	12.59
	40% S*, 10% SF	0.56	—	—	—	—	—	14.68
	30% S*, 20% SF	0.62	—	—	—	—	—	16.95
	20% S*, 30% SF	0.68	—	—	—	—	—	21.22
	10% S*, 40% SF	0.92	—	—	—	—	—	23.05
	0% S*, 50% SF	1.06	—	—	—	—	—	27.75
	50% S*, 5% SF	0.53	—	—	—	—	—	15.96
	50% S*, 15% SF	0.60	—	—	—	—	—	20.96
	50% S*, 25% SF	0.75	—	—	—	—	—	24.73
	0% S*, 10% SF	0.56	—	—	—	—	—	15.28
	0% S*, 30% SF	0.78	—	—	—	—	—	17.6
El-Dakroury and Gasser [22]	Control		0	—	—	10.5	—	—	Results are approximated from Figure  7 of [22]
	RHA		10	—	—	8.25	—	—
		0.5	20	—	—	5.75	—	—
			30	—	—	4.5	—	—
			40	—	—	5.5	—	—
			50	—	—	6.75	—	—

∗S denotes slag.
^¥Reported results are for 56 days.