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A: internal environmental management
(1) Commitment for GSCM from senior managers [39] | |
| (2) Support for GSCM from mid-level managers [39] | |
| (3) Cross-functional cooperation for environmental improvements [39] | |
| (4) Total quality environmental management [39] | |
| (5) ISO 14000 certification [39] | |
| (6) Environmental compliance and auditing programmes [39] | |
| (7) Environmental management systems exist [39] | |
| B: green supply and supplier management | |
| B1: green supply and purchasing | |
| (8) Use of used products as a valuable source of components and materials [40] | |
| (9) Use of environmentally friendly raw materials [44] | |
| (10) Substitution of polluting and hazardous materials/parts [44, 53] | |
| (11) Use of the company waste of others [44] | |
| (12) Providing design specification to suppliers that include environmental requirements for purchased item [49] | |
| (13) Supplier selection involving environmental criteria [44] | |
| (14) Urging suppliers to establish environmental management systems [44] | |
| B2: supplier environmental collaboration | |
| (15) Providing suppliers with educational, technical, and financial support to establish and implement their own environmental programme [44, 121] | |
| (16) Holding awareness seminars for suppliers on environmentally conscious actions and their benefits [44] | |
| (17) Facilitating sharing knowledge and lessons learned relating to environmental issues between different suppliers [44] | |
| (18) Collaboration with suppliers to provide materials, equipment, parts, and services that support environmental goals [49] | |
| (19) Involving component suppliers in product design [40] | |
| (20) Environmental audit of suppliers’ internal management [49] | |
(21) Second-tier supplier environmentally friendly practice evaluation [39]
Joint long-term programmes to develop green innovations and solutions [121] | |
| C: green manufacturing | |
| C1: product eco-design | |
| (22) Design of products for reduced consumption of material and energy [49] | |
| (23) Design of products to reduce or avoid pollution and waste generation in product usage and/or in their manufacturing process [49] | |
| (24) Design of products to avoid or reduce the use of hazardous materials in products/or their manufacturing process [49] | |
| (25) Design of products for reuse, recycling, recovery of materials, components, and parts [49] | |
| (26) Design of products for remanufacturing, repair, rework, and refurbishing activities [19] | |
| (27) Product design considering product life cycle costs [56] | |
| C2: green process design | |
| (28) Optimization of production planning and manufacturing processes to reduce waste and optimize material exploitation [44] | |
| (29) Optimization of manufacturing processes to reduce energy and natural resource consumption [44] | |
| (30) Optimization of manufacturing processes to reduce solid and water waste, and air emissions [44] | |
| (31) Optimization of manufacturing processes to reduce noise pollution [44] | |
| C3: use of clean energy and technology | |
| (32) Use of clean technology to make savings [44] | |
| (33) Use of clean sources of energy [44] | |
| D: green deliver | |
| D1: green distribution and transportation | |
| (34) Use of more environmentally friendly transportation method [44] | |
| D2: green packaging | |
| (35) Use of recyclable or reusable packaging/containers in logistics [53] | |
| (36) Use of ecological materials for primary packaging [53] | |
| E: green consumption and customer management | |
| E1: green consumption management | |
| (37) Eco-labelling of products [44] | |
| (38) Green marketing and managing customer’s perception of quality to promote green image [40] | |
| (39) Environmental pricing to promote extended product responsibility [122] | |
| (40) Providing consumers with information on environmental friendly products and/or production methods [44] | |
| (41) Providing instructions for environmentally friendly use of products [22] | |
| E2: customer environmental collaboration | |
| (42) Cooperation with customer for eco-design [39] | |
| (43) Cooperation with customer for cleaner production [39] | |
| (44) Cooperation with customer for green packaging [39] | |
| F: collection management | |
| (45) To collect used products in an effective way (directly from customers or from used products broker, directly by companies or by a retailer/third service provider) in order to facilitate collection activities and to increase the amount of used products’ return [22, 40, 55, 123] | |
| (46) To take back products by law or by contract [22, 40] | |
| (47) Buyback pricing with regard to the targeted amount for collecting and the price of competitors [124] | |
| G: recovery management | |
| G1: material recovery | |
| (48) Internal recycling of materials within production phase [44] | |
| (49) Taking back packaging [44] | |
| (50) Labelling material packages for retrieval purposes [53] | |
| G2: product recovery | |
| (51) Recovery of the company’s end-of-life products [44] | |
| (52) Recover products whenever possible and choose the product recovery and disposition options based on product characteristics and technical feasibility, supply of components and materials, demand for recovered products and economical and environmental impacts [40] | |
| G3: investment recovery | |
| (53) Sale of excess inventories/materials [49] | |
| (54) Sale of scrap and used materials [49] | |
| (55) Sale of excess capital equipment [49] | |
| H: waste disposal | |
| (56) Disposal of hazardous materials/chemicals/equipment [49] | |
| (57) Cooperation with waste-management companies [40] | |
| I: influential stakeholder management | |
| (58) Publicizing environmental efforts, promoting industry cooperative efforts and collaboration [41] | |
| (59) To manage the competitors by imposing a set of private regulations or by shaping the governmental rules [125] | |
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