Dissolved Concentrations, Sources, and Risk Evaluation of Selected Metals in Surface Water from Mangla Lake, Pakistan

Table 8

Noncarcinogenic health risk assessment summary for the selected metals in the water for adults and children via ingestion and dermal routes.

	RfD ing; (𝜇g/kg-day)	RfD derm; (𝜇g/kg-day)	Adults				Children
			Summer		Winter		Summer		Winter
			HQing	HQderm	HQing	HQderm	HQing	HQderm	HQing	HQderm
Cd	0.5	0.025	2.0𝐸+00	1.9𝐸−04	1.6𝐸+00	1.6𝐸−04	7.6𝐸+00	5.6𝐸−04	6.3𝐸+00	4.6𝐸−04
Co	0.3	0.06	2.5𝐸+01	2.4𝐸−04	1.6𝐸+01	1.5𝐸−04	9.7𝐸+01	7.1𝐸−04	6.1𝐸+01	4.5𝐸−04
Cr	3	0.075	7.8𝐸−01	3.0𝐸−04	7.5𝐸−01	2.9𝐸−04	3.0𝐸+00	8.7𝐸−04	2.9𝐸+00	8.4𝐸−04
Cu	40	8	1.4𝐸−02	3.3𝐸−07	1.7𝐸−02	4.0𝐸−07	5.3𝐸−02	9.6𝐸−07	6.4𝐸−02	1.2𝐸−06
Fe	700	140	6.4𝐸−03	1.5𝐸−07	5.8𝐸−03	1.4𝐸−07	2.4𝐸−02	4.5𝐸−07	2.2𝐸−02	4.0𝐸−07
Li	2	1	1.3𝐸−01	1.2𝐸−06	1.3𝐸−06	1.3𝐸−06	5.8𝐸−02	3.5𝐸−06	4.9𝐸−01	3.8𝐸−06
Mn	24	0.96	1.7𝐸−02	2.0𝐸−06	2.3𝐸−02	2.7𝐸−06	5.8𝐸−02	6.0𝐸−06	7.7𝐸−02	8.0𝐸−06
Ni	20	5.4	1.9𝐸−01	1.4𝐸−06	1.6𝐸−01	1.1𝐸−06	6.2𝐸−01	4.0𝐸−06	5.1𝐸−01	3.3𝐸−06
Pb	1.4	0.42	8.2𝐸+00	5.2𝐸−05	7.3𝐸+00	4.6𝐸−05	2.5𝐸+01	1.5𝐸−04	2.2𝐸+01	1.4𝐸−04
Sr	600	120	9.6𝐸−03	2.3𝐸−07	1.1𝐸−02	2.6𝐸−07	3.7𝐸−02	6.7𝐸−07	4.2𝐸−02	7.7𝐸−07
Zn	300	60	3.2𝐸−03	4.6𝐸−08	3.1𝐸−03	4.5𝐸−08	1.2𝐸−02	1.4𝐸−07	1.2𝐸−02	1.3𝐸−07
HIing/derm			3.7𝐸+01	7.8𝐸−04	2.6𝐸+01	6.4𝐸−04	1.3𝐸+02	2.3𝐸−03	9.3𝐸+01	1.9𝐸−03