Reference Concentrations (mean ± SD) Type of cancer Method Age Sex Country Healthy participants Cancer patients Al (Aluminum) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ] µ g/g 15.245 ± 15.909 21.017 ± 17.556 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey
Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 11.366 ± 12.685 16.460 ± 16.313 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey As (Arsenic) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ] µ g/g 0.239 ± 0.220 1.522 ± 1.980 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 0.558 ± 0.742 0.458 ± 1.269 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Wadhwa et al., 2015 [27 ]µ g/g 0.58 ± 0.14 2.94 ± 0.56 Breast cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 47 F Pakistan 0.58 ± 0.14 3.05 ± 0.75 Cervix cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 31 F Pakistan 0.58 ± 0.14 2.71 ± 0.32 Ovarian cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 19 F Pakistan 0.58 ± 0.14 3.55 ± 0.64 Mouth cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 28 F Pakistan B (Boron) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ] µ g/g 0.345 ± 0.387 0.704 ± 0.567 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 1.136 ± 1.915 1.461 ± 1.972 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ba (Barium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 1.763 ± 1.848 1.488 ± 0.938 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 1.396 ± 1.513 1.461 ± 1.972 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ca (Calcium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 34.372 ± 19.567 25.849 ± 7.877 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 30.812 ± 18.809 68.250 ± 61.327 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Cd (Cadmium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.175 ± 0.206 0.441 ± 0.486 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 0.316 ± 0.426 0.209 ± 0.176 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Wadhwa et al., 2015 [27 ]µ g/g 1.4 ± 0.56 4.27 ± 1.58 Breast cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 47 F Pakistan 1.4 ± 0.56 5.75 ± 0.96 Cervix cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 31 F Pakistan 1.4 ± 0.56 5.34 ± 1.45 Ovarian cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 19 F Pakistan 1.4 ± 0.56 6.73 ± 1.65 Mouth cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 28 F Pakistan Pasha et al., 2010 [28 ]µ g/g 1.675 ± 1.127 16.82 ± 13.62 Gastrointestinal cancer AAS 37–65 37 + 36 F + M Pakistan Co (Cobalt) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.269 ± 0.390 0.664 ± 0.566 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 0.392 ± 0.467 3.131 ± 11.057 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Cr (Chromium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.991 ± 0.950 1.253 ± 0.891 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 0.934 ± 1.016 2.492 ± 4.021 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Pasha et al., 2010 [28 ]µ g/g 2.345 ± 1.083 2.509 ± 2.080 Gastrointestinal cancer AAS 37–65 37 + 36 F + M Pakistan Cu (Copper) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 11.932 ± 10.435 13.546 ± 18.719 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 15.753 ± 16.727 24.453 ± 18.465 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 18.00 ± 0.08 21.64 ± 1.63 Lymphoma AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Khuder et al., 2014 [30 ]µ g/g 15.5 12.1 Leukaemia XRF 16–93 39 + 39 M Syria Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 18.03 ± 0.55 27.30 ± 0.95 Esophageal cancer AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Pasha et al., 2010 [28 ]µ g/g 21.08 ± 5.726 30.20 ± 19.03 Gastrointestinal cancer AAS 37–65 37 + 36 F + M Pakistan Fe (Iron) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 28.190 ± 23.865 32.883 ± 35.260 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 25.052 ± 22.929 9.652 ± 6.643 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 22.85 ± 1.30 120.34 ± 3.41 Lymphoma AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Khuder et al., 2014 [30 ]µ g/g 35.2 38.4 Leukaemia XRF 16–93 39 + 39 M Syria Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 22.82 ± 1.81 22.07 ± 1.70 Esophageal cancer AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Pasha et al., 2010 [28 ]µ g/g 66.35 ± 40.66 117.2 ± 77.90 Gastrointestinal cancer AAS 37–65 37 + 36 F + M Pakistan Hg (Mercury) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.652 ± 0.596 0.473 ± 0.604 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 0.585 ± 0.713 1.233 ± 1.367 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey K (Potassium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 11.009 ± 8.226 13.231 ± 11.671 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 10.701 ± 9.252 15.322 ± 18.655 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Li (Lithium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.503 ± 0.656 0.912 ± 0.615 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 0.571 ± 0.586 0.595 ± 0.670 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Mg (Magnesium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 41.005 ± 20.748 31.276 ± 16.873 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 31.921 ± 21.315 28.920 ± 24.203 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 120.34 ± 3.4 67.46 ± 22.02 Lymphoma AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan 120.98 ± 10.32 74.25 ± 10.01 Esophageal cancer AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Mn (Manganese) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.863 ± 0.675 0.989 ± 0.924 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 1.144 ± 1.119 1.8193 ± 2.160 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Na (Sodium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 28.641 ± 21.895 29.666 ± 19.391 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 21.378 ± 15.798 23.316 ± 30.458 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ni (Nickel) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.688 ± 0.731 0.571 ± 0.499 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 0.580 ± 0.547 1.126 ± 0.800 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 5.37 ± 0.23 5.92 ± 0.58 Lymphoma AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Khuder et al., 2014 [30 ]µ g/g 1.30 2.32 Leukaemia XRF 16–93 39 + 39 M Syria Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 5.40 ± 0.45 9.85 ± 0.60 Esophageal cancer AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Wadhwa et al. 2015 [27 ]µ g/g 0.63 ± 0.16 1.51 ± 0.37 Breast cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 47 F Pakistan 0.63 ± 0.16 1.89 ± 0.40 Cervix cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 31 F Pakistan 0.63 ± 0.16 1.25 ± 0.51 Ovarian cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 19 F Pakistan 0.63 ± 0.16 2.92 ± 0.57 Mouth cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 28 F Pakistan Pasha et al., 2010 [28 ]µ g/g 4.309 ± 2.631 5.971 ± 4.622 Gastrointestinal cancer AAS 37–65 37 + 36 F + M Pakistan Pb (Lead) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 6.196 ± 7.491 3.794 ± 3.292 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 5.090 ± 6.198 8.577 ± 19.876 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 15.91 ± 0.73 26.31 ± 2.33 Lymphoma AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Khuder et al., 2014 [30 ]µ g/g 10.9 8.28 Leukaemia XRF 16–93 39 + 39 M Syria Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 15.91 ± 0.99 26.70 ± 5.97 Esophageal cancer AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Pasha et al., 2010 [28 ]µ g/g 15.50 ± 8.119 28.71 ± 16.85 Gastrointestinal cancer AAS 37–65 37 + 36 F + M Pakistan Se (Selenium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 5.061 ± 7.597 0.649 ± 0.930 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 20.135 ± 21.042 13.703 ± 19.784 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Sr (Strontium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.499 ± 0.502 0.449 ± 0.419 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 1.455 ± 1.678 1.910 ± 1.914 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ti (Tin) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.708 ± 0.510 0.653 ± 0.465 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 2.079 ± 4.464 12.638 ± 19.128 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey V (Vanadium) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 0.475 ± 0.439 0.640 ± 0.752 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 1.047 ± 1.742 1.835 ± 2.290 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Zn (Zinc) Cihan et al., 2011 [26 ]µ g/g 63.700 ± 62.183 29.374 ± 20.367 Breast cancer (stage III) ICP/MS 25–65 52 + 52 F Turkey Benderli Cihan and Öztürk Yildirim, 2011 [16 ] µ g/kg 109.763 ± 95.334 53.22 ± 60.301 Non-small cell lung cancer ICP/MS 42–77 74 + 67 M Turkey Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ]µ g/mL 174.99 ± 9.57 167.80 ± 13.86 Lymphoma AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Khuder et al., 2014 [30 ]µ g/g 218 183 Leukaemia XRF 16–93 39 + 39 M Syria Ahmad et al., 2011 [29 ] µ g/mL 175.32 ± 11.48 144.85 ± 11.33 Esophageal cancer AAS 18–80 n.i. F + M Pakistan Wadhwa et al., 2015 [27 ]µ g/g 247 ± 17.4 114 ± 14.0 Breast cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 47 F Pakistan 247 ± 17.4 168 ± 31.0 Cervix cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 31 F Pakistan 247 ± 17.4 125 ± 7.63 Ovarian cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 19 F Pakistan 247 ± 17.4 161 ± 24.6 Mouth cancer AAS n.i. 94 + 28 F Pakistan Pasha et al., 2010 [28 ]µ g/g 140.7 ± 79.48 370.5 ± 208.1 Gastrointestinal cancer AAS 37–65 37 + 36 F + M Pakistan
Memon et al., 2007 [21 ] μ g/g 245.6 ± 15.6 125.5 ± 11.5 Ovarian cancer FAAS 30–60 50 + 35 F Pakistan 245.6 ± 15.6 114.5 ± 12.9 Breast cancer FAAS 30–60 50 + 30 F Pakistan
