Process Design of a Ball Joint, Considering Caulking and Pull-Out Strength

Table 2

𝐿₉(3⁴) orthogonal array.

	Process variable				Pull-out; force (kN)	Caulking; depth (mm)	Maximum; stress (MPa)
	𝐴	𝐵	Error	𝐶
1	1	1	1	1	22.5	0.96	866
2	1	2	2	2	19.3	0.87	847
3	1	3	3	3	8.1	0.51	868
4	2	1	2	3	1.9	0.26	795
5	2	2	3	1	31.5	1.04	823
6	2	3	1	2	29.0	0.95	833
7	3	1	3	2	4.1	0.68	843
8	3	2	1	3	6.5	0.38	846
9	3	3	2	1	35.0	1.21	845