Application of Liposomes in Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Quo Vadis

Table 1

Molecular targets of antirheumatic therapeutic agents and their complications.

S. No.	Therapeutic agents	Molecular targets	Complications with long-term therapy	References
1	NSAIDs (First line therapy),; for example, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Indomethacin, Ketoprofen, Diclofenac sodium, Meloxicam	COX-2 (Non selective)	(1) Peptic ulcers; (2) Dyspepsia; (3) Anorexia; (4) Abdominal pain; (5) Nausea; (6) Flatulence; (7) Diarrhoea; (8) Renal ulcers; (9) Myocardial infarction	[6, 18, 19, 21]
2	Injectable corticosteroids	COX-2	(1) Skin atrophy	[5, 6]
3	DMARDs,; for example, Gold salts (Aurothiomalate),; Leflunomide, Sulfasalazine, Methotrexate, Azathioprine, Minocycline, Hydroxychloroquine, Cyclosporine	TNF-𝛼, IL	(1) Digestive organ dysfunction; (2) Liver dysfunction; (3) Kidney dysfunction; (4) Stomatitis; (5) Depilation and myelosuppression	[22, 25]
4	Coxibs,; for example, Celecoxib, Etoricoxib	COX-2 (Selective coxib)	(1) Peptic ulcers	[6]
5	Glucocorticoids,; for example, Prednisone, Methyl prednisone, Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone	COX-2	(1) Impaired wound healing; (2) Skin atrophy; (3) Osteoporosis; (4) Muscle atrophy; (5) Cataract; (6) Glaucoma; (7) Peptic ulcer; (8) Manifestation of latent diabetes; (9) Premature mortality	[5, 6]
6	Biologics	TNK-𝛼, IL-1, IL-6	(1) Malignancy; (2) Tuberculosis	[2]
7	Natural products,; for example Curcumin, Resveratrol, Guggulsterone, Withanolide, and so forth.	NF-𝜅B, COX-2,5-LOX, TNF-𝛼, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, IL-8, MMPs	Not reported	[27]