Application of Liposomes in Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Quo Vadis

Table 2

Various drugs and their delivery approaches for the effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Drug	Delivery systems	Key observation	References
Corticosteroids
Prednisolone	Liposomes	Tissue targeting	[54]
	Microspheres	Prolonged release	[55]
	Nanoparticles	Improved efficacy	[56]
DMARDS (Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs)
Sod. aurothiomalate	Liposomes	Better safety profile and prolonged action	[11]
Azathioprine	Sustain release tablets	Better patient safety	[57]
Leflunomide	Microspheres	Rapid action	[58]
	Microcapsules	Sustained action	[59]
Methotrexate	Multilamellar vesicles	Increased permeation	[60]
	Liposomes	Drug targeting, prolonged therapeutic effect	[61]
	Microspheres	Retention of drug in joints and less clearance into blood	[62]
	Encapsulated lipid based drug-delivery	Prolonged half-life, extended drug release	[63]
Tacrolimus	Liposomes	Improved oral delivery	[64]
NSAIDS (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
Diclofenac	Sustained release pellets	Less side effects	[65]
	Lipogelosomes	Less side effects,; Improved efficacy	[66]
	Pharmacosomes	Improved solubility; Lower gastrointestinal toxicity	[67]
	Microcapsules	Sustained release	[68]
	Microspheres	Long therapeutic effect	[69]
	Nanoparticles	Prolonged drug release	[47]
	Suppositories	Improved efficacy	[70]
Ibuprofen	Microemulsions	Increased skin permeation,; Increased oral bioavailability	[71, 72]
	Microspheres	Prolonged therapeutic effect	[73]
	Transfersome	Prolonged therapeutic effect and good stability	[74]
	Sustained release formulation	Prolonged therapeutic effect and improved patient compliance	[75]
Indomethacin	Slow released formulations	Better safety and controlled release characteristics	[76, 77]
	Dendrimers	Targeted delivery	[78]
	Liposomes	More effective and minimum side effects	[79, 80]
	Microballoons	Good floating ability	[81]
	Microspheres	Improved targeting	[82]
	Nanoemulsions	Improved bioavailability through transdermal delivery	[83]
	Suppositories	Enhanced therapeutic efficacy	[84]
Ketoprofen	Transdermal patch	Improved skin permeation	[85]
	Microspheres	Prolonged therapeutic effect	[86]
	Microcapsules	Optimum sustained release	[87]
	Nanoemulsions	Enhanced skin permeation	[88]