Exhaled Breath Condensate: Technical and Diagnostic Aspects

Table 2

Short and long-term effects of tobacco smoking on exhaled breath condensate.

Biomarkers	Immediate effect	Long-term effect
pH	in healthy smokers [121, 122]	in healthy smokers with <10 py [122, 126]; in healthy smokers with >10 py [122, 126]
	in healthy smokers [41]
	in smokers with allergic rhinitis [123]
	in smokers with bronchial asthma [121, 124]
	after SHS in healthy nonsmokers [130]
H2O2	after SHS in healthy nonsmokers [130]
8-Isoprostane	[121]
	[46]
ILs
IL-4, 5, 10, 17	after waterpipe smoking [125]
IL-6		[116, 127], correlated with FVC, FEV1, and eCO levels and smoking duration [127, 128]
IL-8	[122]	[127, 128]
TNF-α		, correlated with FVC and FEV1 values [129]
INF-γ	after waterpipe smoking [125]
Nitrates	[45]
LTB4		[116], in smokers with allergic rhinitis [130]
EBC electric conductivity (μS)	[122]
Haemoglobin β-chain		Detected [144]

Data represent changes after cigarette smoking. When changes refer to secondhand cigarette smoking or other tobacco product effects, there is a special reference inside the table.
= increase, = reduction, = no significant change, and [] = corresponding reference.
py = pack-years, SHS = secondhand cigarette smoking, H₂O₂ = hydrogen peroxide, ILs = interleukins, TNF-a = tumor necrosis factor-a, INF-γ = interferon-γ, and LTB₄ = leukotriene-B₄.