| | Biomarkers | Stable COPD | AECOPD |
| | pH | [132] | , and after treatment [145] | | [57, 132, 134], correlated with FEV1 [57] | | , correlated with GOLD stage, IC/TLC, RV/TLC, and CO diffusing capacity, only in ex-smokers [134] |
| | H2O2 | [135–137] | , and after treatment [146] |
| | Aldehydes | | | | (MDA, hexanal, heptanal) | [138, 139] | | | [140] | |
| | 8-Isoprostane | [136, 141, 142] | , and after treatment [146] | | High variability within day and between days [143] |
| | LTs | | | | LTB4 | [16, 141, 152], correlated with CO diffusing capacity | [146, 147], and after treatment [146] | | , and after recovery [152] | | LTE4 | Undetectable [16] | | | High variability within day and between days [143] | | | Cys-LTs | | [3] |
| | PGs | | | | PGE2, PGF2 | (compared to asthmatic patients) [16] | |
| | Acute phase response | | | | AAT, MMP-9, TIMP-1 | | [150, 151] | | Neutrophilic inflammation | | | | IL-1β, IL-12 |
[52] | | | IL-1a, IL-1β, |
Dominant protein type (62%) [144] | | | IL-2, IL-12a, | IL-1β, IL-6, | | IL-12β, IL-15, | IL-8, IL-10, [52, 148, 149] | | INF-α, INF-γ, | IL-12, TNF-a | | TNF-a, C3 | | | NCA, GRO-a | | , and after treatment (only in outpatients) [152] |
| | Nitrites | | [149] |
| α1-antitrypsin,
SP-A1, SP-A2,
S-100 calgranulins | Detected in COPD, but not in A1AD patients [144] | |
| IL-1α,
lysozyme-C | Detected in A1AD, but not in the other COPD patients [144] | |
| sHLA-1, sCD95,
SLP-1, MPO | | [153, 154] |
| | Nucleic acids of | | | | influenza virus, RSV, L. pneumophila | | Detected [155] |
|
|
= increase, = reduction, = no significant change, and [] = corresponding reference.
AECOPD = acute exacerbation of COPD, FEV1 = forced expiratory volume at 1 sec, IC = inspiratory capacity, TLC = total lung capacity, RV = residual volume, CO = carbon monoxide, MDA = malondialdehyde, H2O2 = hydrogen peroxide, LTs = leukotrienes, PGs = prostaglandins, ILs = interleukins, INF = interferon, TNF-a = tumour necrosis factor-a, C3 = complement fraction 3, NCA = neutrophil chemotactic activity, AAT = a1-antitrypsin antiprotease, MMP-9 = metalloproteinase-9, TIMP-1 = metalloproteinase-1 inhibitor, SPs = surfactant proteins, s = solute, SLP-1 = secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor-1, MPO = myeloperoxidase, RSV = respiratory syncytial virus, and L. pneumophila = Legionella pneumophila.
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