Vitamin D Status among Older Adults Residing in the Littoral and Andes Mountains in Ecuador

Table 1

25(OH)D levels by selected characteristics among older adults in Ecuador.

	Subjects (%)	25(OH)D levels (SD)	value
Age groups, yrs.
60–69	1,158 (51.7)	27.6 (11.5)	<0.001
70–79	724 (31.4)	25.5 (9.7)
≥80	403 (16.8)	25.9 (13.2)
Sex
Men	1,072 (44.5)	30.0 (12.3)	<0.001
Women	1,302 (55.5)	23.8 (9.4)
Race
Indian	207 (10.7)	21.6 (8.8)	<0.001
Black	80 (3.6)	27.7 (12.4)
Mestizo	1,584 (69.8)	26.9 (10.6)
Mulatto	84 (3.5)	26.4 (8.4)
White	273 (12.5)	26.7 (12.3)
BMI (Kg/m^2)
Underweight	63 (2.3)	26.6 (11.6)	<0.001
Normal	920 (41.9)	28.0 (12.3)
Overweight	877 (37.7)	26.1 (10.1)
Obese	408 (18.1)	24.9 (10.7)
Living alone
Yes	209 (9.1)	27.1 (13.1)	<0.001
No	2,165 (90.5)	26.5 (11.0)
Area of residence
Rural mountains	505 (20.4)	21.7 (8.0)	<0.001
Urban mountains	685 (29.7)	22.8 (6.2)
Rural coast	505 (13.1)	32.6 (14.1)
Urban coast	877 (36.8)	30.0 (12.5)
Literacy
Yes	1,664 (69.4)	27.1 (10.8)	<0.001
No	707 (30.6)	25.2 (12.1)
Consume dairy products
Yes	1,586 (66.8)	27.0 (11.9)	<0.001
No	788 (33.2)	25.5 (9.7)
Smoking status
Current	243 (10.3)	28.9 (9.8)	<0.001
Former	661 (27.9)	29.6 (13.1)
Never	1,464 (61.8)	24.6 (10.1)
Alcohol use
None	1,891 (77.9)	26.0 (11.0)	<0.001
1 day	420 (19.4)	27.8 (11.6)
≥2 days	60 (2.7)	31.7 (12.6)
Physical activity
Yes	747 (32.9)	27.7 (11.4)	<0.001
No	1,626 (67.1)	26.0 (11.1)
Self-reported health
Excellent to good	557 (24.6)	26.3 (11.0)	<0.001
Fair to poor	1,812 (75.4)	26.6 (11.3)
Mobility disability
Yes	990 (41.4)	25.5 (10.4)	<0.001
No	1,384 (58.6)	27.2 (11.7)
Limitation in ADLs
Yes	652 (26.5)	25.9 (11.9)	<0.001
No	1,719 (73.5)	26.7 (11.0)