Vitamin D Status among Older Adults Residing in the Littoral and Andes Mountains in Ecuador

Table 3

Associations between characteristics of participants and 25(OH)D deficiency.

	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age groups, yrs.
60–69	1.00	1.00
70–79	1.30 (1.28–1.31)	1.31 (1.30–1.33)
≥80	1.79 (1.77–1.81)	1.54 (1.52–1.56)
Sex
Men	1.00	1.00
Women	3.25 (3.21–3.28)	3.19 (3.15–3.22)
BMI (Kg/m^2)
Underweight	1.00	1.00
Normal	0.93 (0.90–0.96)	0.99 (0.95–1.02)
Overweight	0.92 (0.89–0.95)	0.92 (0.89–0.95)
Obesity	1.53 (1.48–1.58)	1.30 (1.25–1.34)
Race
Indigenous	2.34 (2.30–2.38)	2.75 (2.70–2.80)
Black	0.65 (0.63–0.67)	0.75 (0.85–0.88)
Mestizo	0.81 (0.80–0.83)	0.89 (0.88–0.91)
Mulatto	0.62 (0.60–0.63)	0.71 (0.68–0.73)
White	1.00	1.00
Area of residence
Rural mountains	4.51 (4.43–4.59)	4.49 (4.40–4.58)
Urban mountains	3.05 (3.00–3.11)	2.74 (2.69–2.80)
Urban coast	1.37 (1.35–1.40)	1.22 (1.20–1.25)
Rural coast	1.00	1.00
Living status
Alone	1.04 (1.03–1.06)	1.00 (0.98–1.01)
Accompanied	1.00	1.00
Literacy
Yes	1.00	1.00
No	1.56 (1.54–1.57)	1.16 (1.15–1.17)
Consume dairy products
Yes	1.00	1.00
No	1.10 (1.09–1.11)	1.14 (1.13–1.15)
Smoking status
Current	0.43 (0.42–0.44)	0.97 (0.95–0.99)
Former	0.46 (0.45–0.46)	0.88 (0.87–0.89)
Never	1.00	1.00
Alcohol use
None	1.00	1.00
1 day	0.73 (0.72–0.74)	1.20 (1.18–1.22)
≥2 days	0.43 (0.41–0.44)	0.87 (0.84–0.91)
Physical activity
Yes	1.00	1.00
No	0.78 (0.77–0.78)	1.15 (1.13–1.16)
Self-reported health
Excellent to good	1.00	1.00
Fair to poor	0.92 (0.91–0.92)	0.73 (0.72–0.74)
Mobility disability
Yes	1.13 (1.12–1.14)	0.75 (0.74–0.76)
No	1.00	1.00
Limitations in ADLs
Yes	1.34 (1.33–1.35)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)
No	1.00	1.00