Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Impaired Biogenesis Are Partly Protected by Vitamin C and N-Acetylcysteine

Figure 4

Role of antioxidants in IS-induced mtDNA copy number changes in HUVECs. Quantification analysis of relative mtDNA copy number (% of control) was shown. Cells were treated with IS 125 μg/mL alone as the positive control, cotreated with IS 125 μg/mL and vitamin C 200 μM or NAC 10 mM for 48 h. Cells without IS treatment were regarded as the negative control. Data, mean ± SD (). compared to the IS only. VITC: vitamin C.