Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Impaired Biogenesis Are Partly Protected by Vitamin C and N-Acetylcysteine

Figure 5

Role of antioxidants in IS-induced mitochondrial mass changes in HUVECs. Cells were treated with IS 125 μg/mL alone as the positive control, cotreated with IS 125 μg/mL and vitamin C 200 μM or NAC 10 mM for 48 h. Cells without IS treatment were regarded as the negative control. The fluorescent dyes and colors were MitoTracker (red), phalloidin (green), and Hoechst 33258 (blue). (a) Representative confocal microscopy. (b) Quantification analysis of relative mitochondrial mass (% of control). Data, mean ± SD (). compared to the IS only.

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