The Effect of a 12-Week Moderate Intensity Interval Training Program on the Antioxidant Defense Capability and Lipid Profile in Men Smoking Cigarettes or Hookah: A Cohort Study
Table 1
Anthropometric and physical characteristics of participants (mean ± SD).
Parameters
Nonsmokers
Cigarette smokers
Hookah smokers
ANOVA
Age (yrs)
44.5 ± 1.3
45.5 ± 1.7
44 ± 1.7
= 0.84; = 0.47; = 0.17
Height (cm)
173.8 ± 1.3
175.8 ± 2.8
173 ± 1.6
= 0.91; = 0.43; = 0.15
Weight (kg)
71.4 ± 2.2
72.7 ± 3
69.6 ± 2.2
= 1.65; = 0.24; = 0.25
BMI (kg⋅m−2)
25.1 ± 1.1
24.4 ± 1
24.7 ± 1.2
= 1.2; = 0.31; = 0.07
Resting heart rate (bpm)
78 ± 4
91 ± 2
93 ± 4
= 66.52; < 0.001; = 0.80
Resting SBP (mmHg)
131 ± 3
138 ± 3
138 ± 3
= 27.91; < 0.001; = 0.63
Resting DBP (mmHg)
85 ± 6
87 ± 5
86 ± 4
= 0.48; = 0.62; = 0.03
VO2max (mL⋅min⋅kg−1)
37.5 ± 1.6
38.9 ± 2.5
36.6 ± 1.2
= 4.79; = 0.015; = 0.22
BMI: body mass index; resting SBP: systolic blood pressure at rest; resting DBP: diastolic blood pressure at rest; VO2max = maximum oxygen uptake; significant differences compared to nonsmokers at < 0.001; ##significant differences compared to cigarette smokers at < 0.01.
