The Effect of a 12-Week Moderate Intensity Interval Training Program on the Antioxidant Defense Capability and Lipid Profile in Men Smoking Cigarettes or Hookah: A Cohort Study

Table 2

Antioxidant concentrations before training (mean ± SD).

Parameters	Nonsmokers	Cigarette smokers	Hookah smokers	ANOVA
GPx (U⋅gHg^−1)	37.12 ± 2.6	34.84 ± 4.31	33.84 ± 5.07	= 2.01; = 0.15; = 0.11
SOD (U⋅gHg^−1)	1651.3 ± 105.2	1432.1 ± 171.2	1545.1 ± 105.9	= 8.1; = 0.0014; = 0.33
MDA (μmol⋅L^−1)	1.454 ± 0.17	1.517 ± 0.095	1.663 ± 0.111	= 8.1; = 0.0014; = 0.33
GR (U⋅gHg^−1)	10.46 ± 2.01	8.3 ± 1.55	8.66 ± 1.6	= 5.43; = 0.009; = 0.25
TAS (mmol⋅L^−1)	1.8 ± 0.02	1.78 ± 0.01	1.79 ± 0.02	= 2.7; = 0.082; = 0.14
-tocopherol (μmol)	6.78 ± 0.95	5.24 ± 0.88	5.19 ± 0.88	= 12.42; < 0.001; = 0.43

GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GR: glutathione reductase; TAS: total antioxidant status; significant differences compared to nonsmokers at < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001, respectively; ^#significant differences compared to cigarette smokers at < 0.05.