The Effect of a 12-Week Moderate Intensity Interval Training Program on the Antioxidant Defense Capability and Lipid Profile in Men Smoking Cigarettes or Hookah: A Cohort Study

Table 3

Antioxidants’ improvement rate () of the three groups after 12 weeks of intermittent training.

Parameters	(): mean ± SD			Results signification
	NS	CS	HS	NS	CS	HS
GPx (U⋅gHg^−1)	2.8 ± 5.19	6.5 ± 5.04	7.23 ± 4.79	ns	‡	‡
SOD (U⋅gHg^−1)	190.8 ± 129.2	167.4 ± 191.9	300.8 ± 126.9	‡	‡	‡
MDA (μmol⋅L^−1)	−0.16 ± 0.18	−0.25 ± 0.23	−0.19 ± 0.09	†	‡	‡
GR (U⋅gHg^−1)	1.24 ± 1.7	2.49 ± 0.88	2.44 ± 1.25	†	‡	‡
TAS (mmol⋅L^−1)	0.01 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.03	ns	‡	†
-Tocopherol (μmol)	0.48 ± 0.78	1.05 ± 1.53	1.45 ± 0.8	ns	†	‡

(): mean change; NS: nonsmokers; CS: cigarette smokers; HS: hookah smokers; ns: nonsignificant; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GR: glutathione reductase; TAS: total antioxidant status; significant differences compared to nonsmokers at < 0.05; †, ‡: significant difference before versus after training program at < 0.05 and < 0.01, respectively.