Management of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: From Diagnosis to Treatment

Table 1

Efficacy of treatments for brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs).

Treatment	Recurrence of hemorrhage		Permanent neurological deficits	Radiation-induced adverse effects
Microsurgical resection	0.4% [50]; 7.7% [44]; 8.8%^* [48]		10.8% [5]; 12% [46]; 15% [52]; 36% [44]	N/A
	1st 2 years	After 2 years
Stereotactic radiosurgery	7.06% [56]; 8.2% [57]; 8.22% [60]; 10.8% [54]; 14%^** [16]	0.6% [48]; 1% [54]; 1.37% [60]; 1.50% [56]; 2.03% [56]	7.3% [17]; 22.2% [56]	4.1% [61]; 5% [57]; 8.2% [56]; 11.8% [60]; 8%–18.4% [54]

Patients with residual lesions postoperatively.
^**This refers to the rate of hemorrhage within the first year after SRS.