Laser Teeth Bleaching: Evaluation of Eventual Side Effects on Enamel and the Pulp and the Efficiency In Vitro and In Vivo

Table 1

Increase in temperature (°C) in the pulp (without or with gel application) after exposure to laser light.

Authors	Wavelength	Settings	Bleaching gel	Result/temperature
Luk et al., 2004 [12]	10,600 nm (CO2)	600 mW; 6 × 30 sec/180 sec interval; GT: 2 mm; : 1 to 2 mm	Opalescence Extra; Quick White; Star Brite; Nypro Gold	Pulp without and with gel; +13.34   +9.75; +10.73   +6.93; +13.08   +7.98; +22.26   +16.55
Michida et al., 2009 [13]	1,064 nm (Nd:YAG)	600 mJ, 10 Hz (0.6 W); 20 sec; GT: 0.5 to 1 mm; : 5 mm	Whiteness HP	Pulp with gel; +4.33
Dominguez et al., 2011 [14]	1,064 nm (Nd:YAG)	75 mJ, 10 Hz; 3 × 20 sec; GT: 2 mm; : 2 mm	Ena White Power; Opalescence Endo; Q White	Pulp with gel; +3.1; +2.5; +2.9
	2,940 nm (Er:YAG)	40 mJ, 10 Hz; 3 × 20 sec; GT: 2 mm; : 2 mm	Ena White Power; Opalescence Endo; Q White	Pulp with gel; +0.2; 0; 0
	532 nm (diode)	1.6 mJ, 15 Hz; 3 × 20 sec; GT: 2 mm; : 2 mm	Ena White Power; Opalescence Endo; Q White	Pulp with gel; +0.25; 0; 0
	675 nm (diode)	200 mW; 3 × 20 sec; GT: 2 mm; : 2 mm	Ena White Power; Opalescence Endo; Q White	Pulp with gel; +2.6; +1.3; +1.3
Klaric et al., 2013 [15]	770 nm (femtosecond diode)	800 mW, 15 min Unfocused; GT: ?; : ?	Without gel; ZOOM 2; Boost; Vivastyle 30; Vivastyle 16; Vivastyle 10	Enamel surface   Pulp; +3.2       +2.7; +2.1       +1.4; +2.0       +1.4; +2.1       +1.4; +2.1       +1.4; +2.2       +1.4
		800 mW, 15 min; Focused; GT: ?; : ?	Without gel; ZOOM 2; Boost; Vivastyle 30; Vivastyle 16; Vivastyle 10	Enamel surface   Pulp; +16.8       +15.7; +9.4         +8.7; +9.6         +8.8; +9.5         +8.7; +9.7         +8.8; +9.4         +8.6
Sulieman et al., 2005a [10]	830 nm (diode)	3 W, 30 sec; GT: 2 mm; : just above the surface of the gel	Opus Mix bleaching powder + 35% HP liquid	Pulp without and with gel; +16        +8.7
Kivanç et al., 2012 [16]	915 nm (diode)	3 W, 20 sec; GT: 2 mm; : 10 mm	By White (BW); Whiteness HP (WHP)	Pulp without and with gel; +26.7       BW +17; WPH +25.6
		1.5 W, 20 sec; GT: 2 mm; : 10 mm		Pulp without and with gel; +12.2       BW +7.6; WPH +6
Sari et al. [17], Epub 2013	810 nm (diode)	4 W, 20 sec; GT: :	Whiteness HP	Pulp with gel; +2.61
	2940 nm (Nd:YAG)	40 mJ, 10 Hz, 20 sec; GT: :		Pulp with gel; +1.86
Sulieman et al., 2006 [18]	830 nm (diode)	30 sec; 3 W; 2 W; 1 W; GT: 2 mm; : just above the surface of the gel	Opus Mix bleaching powder + 35% HP liquid	Surface   Pulp without and; with gel; 86.3     +11.6   +8.7; 64.1     +7.7    +6.8; 37      +5.23   +5.5
Fornaini et al., 2013 [19]	808 nm (diode)	3 × 30 sec—rest time 2 min; 2 W; 4 W; GT: :	48 g HP solution + 29 g carbopol (HP concentration 27 to 35%)	Peak gel temperature; 43.1; 74.9
	532 nm (KTP)	3 × 30 sec—rest time 2 min; 2 W; 4 W; GT: :		Peak gel temperature; 32; 45.1
Wetter et al., 2004 [20, 21]	960 nm (diode)	0.9 W, 60 sec; GT: ?; : 2 mm	Opalescence Xtra (OPX); Opus White (OW)	Pulp with gel; OPX +8; OW comparable (8)
		2 W, 30 sec; GT: ?; : 2 mm		Pulp with gel; OPX +12; OW comparable (8)
Eldeniz et al., 2005 [22]	810 nm (diode)	10 W, 15 sec; GT: OPX?—QS: 1 mm; : ?	Opalescence Xtra (OPX); Quasar Brite (QS)	Pulp with gel; +11.75
Zhang et al., 2007 [23]	980 nm (diode)	0.8 W, 30 sec; GT: 1 mm; : 1 mm	Hi Lite	Pulp with gel; +7.72
	532 nm (KTP)	1 W, 30 sec; GT: 1 mm; : 1 mm		Pulp with gel; 3.76
Verheyen et al., 2006 [24]	810 nm (diode)	1 W, 30 sec; GT: ?; : ?	Opus White (OW); Ti-O2 gel (TO)	Pulp with gel; OW 3; TO 0
Goharkhay et al., 2009 [25]	810 nm (diode)	1 W, 60 sec; 2 W, 60 sec; GT: ?; : 6 mm	Opalescence Xtra Boost	Pulp without and with gel; +5         0; +9.6        +2.8
Pleffken et al., 2012 [26]	660 nm (diode)	50 mW, 3 × 160 sec; GT: ?; : 2 mm	35% experimental HP gel	In the gel   Pulp with gel; +2.29     +1.8
Carrasco et al., 2008 [27]	LED-laser 470/790 nm	40 mW, 3 × 30 sec; GT: 1 mm; : 5 mm	Whiteness HP	Pulp without and with gel; +0.35       +0.33
Torres et al., 2008 [28]	LED-laser 470/784 nm	120 mW; 5 × 40 secc; GT: 2 mm; : 5 mm	Whiteform Perox Red	Critical temperature rise of 5.5°C not reached
Coutinho et al., 2009 [29]	LED/laser 470/795 nm; LED/laser 530/795 nm	120 mW, 3 × 60 sec; 20 mW, 3 × 60 sec	Whiteness HP	Pulp with gel; Incisor     +3.1; Canine     +2.5; Premolar   +1.9; Incisor     +0.6; Canine     +0.2; Premolar   +0.3

GT: gel thickness; : distance between light source and the bleaching gel.