A Review of the Effects of Major Atmospheric Pollutants on Pollen Grains, Pollen Content, and Allergenicity

Table 2

Studies of the effect of different air pollutants on grass pollen grains.

Grass; species	Pollutant(s); studied	Concentration; range	Duration of; exposure	Germination; or viability	Total; proteins	Protein; profiles	IgE; recognition	Reference
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	NO2	2000 ppb	4 h	—	=	—		[175]
Festuca elatior	NO2	10,000 ppm	3 min	—	=	Changes observed	—	[141]
Phleum pratense	O3	30–80 ppb	Plant life	—	—	Phl p 5	—	[176]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	O3	100 ppb	4 h	—	=	—		[175]
Lolium perenne	O3	60 ppb	2 weeks	—		Lol p 5	—	[99]
Lolium perenne	O3	2 outdoor sites		—	—	Lol p 5	—	[99]
Phleum pratense	CO2	400–800 ppm	Plant life	—	—	=	—	[176]
Dactylis glomerata	NO or CO	1–5%	48 h	—		Numerous modifications	—	[155]
Dactylis glomerata	CO	0.01–5%	48 h	—		Changes observed	—	[143]
Festuca elatior	CO	10,000 ppm	3 min	—	=	Changes observed	—	[141]
Phleum pratense	SO2	13 mg/m^3	18 h	—	—	—	=	[177]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	SO2	2000 ppb	4 h	—	=	—		[175]
Festuca elatior	SO2	10,000 ppm	3 min	—	=	Changes observed		[141]
Phleum pratense	Toluene, m-xylene	125 mg/m^3	18 h	—	—	Phl p 5		[177]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	O3/NO2	100–2000 ppb	4 h	—	=	—		[175]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	NO2/SO2	2,000 ppb each	4 h	—	=	—		[175]
Lolium perenne	Rural/urban	—	—	—		Different patterns		[56]
Phleum pratense	Atmospheric particulate matter	Not mentioned	4 h	—		=		[136]
Dactylis glomerata	Road traffic				—	—	—	[88]
Dactylis glomerata	Car exhaust	10–60 min	10–300 min	—		=		[149]
Dactylis glomerata	Cigarette smoke	100 HP	1–28 days	—		=		[149]