Profiling of the Major Phenolic Compounds and Their Biosynthesis Genes in Sophora flavescens Aiton

Figure 1

(a) A schematic presentation of general flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Multiple arrows indicate two or more steps in the pathway, and flavonoids that analyzed in this study are highlighted in red. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; CNL, cinnamoyl-CoA ligase; C4H, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; C3H, p-coumaroyl ester 3-hydroxylase; COMT, caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase; 4CL, 4-coumaroyl:CoA-ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHR, chalcone reductase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H, flavanone 3′-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; UFGT, UDP glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase; FLS, flavonol synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; IFS, isoflavone synthase; IOMT, isoflavone O-methyltransferase; I3′H, isoflavone 3′-hydroxylase; I2′H, isoflavone 2′-hydroxylase. (b) Contents of flavonoid compound in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers of Sophorae Radix (ug/g dry weight). R, roots; SL, small leaves; ML, medium leaves; LL, large leaves; SS, small stems; MS, medium stems; LS, large stems; F, flowers.