The Efficacy of Processing Strategies on the Gastroprotective Potentiality of Chenopodium quinoa Seeds

Figure 7

Effect of QP, QG, QB, and QF on the immunostaining of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme in stomach sections from all animal groups. (a) Slight expression of iNOS in normal stomach. (b) Marked overexpression of iNOS throughout the whole mucosal part of the stomach treated with absolute EtOH at dose of 5 mL/kg (red arrow). (c) Slightly expressed iNOS in the stomach treated with omeprazole (20 mg/kg). (d) Moderately immunoexpressed iNOS in the stomach treated with QP (quinoa seeds cooked under high pressure, 200 mg/kg). (e) Stomach treated with QG (first stage-germinated quinoa seeds, 200 mg/kg) showing mild expression of iNOS in the gastric mucosa. (f) Stomach treated with QB (quinoa seeds fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria, 200 mg/kg) showing more immuno-iNOS expression in the lower part than the upper part of gastric mucosa. (g) Stomach treated with QF (quinoa seeds fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus fungus, 200 mg/kg) showing clear expression of iNOS in the upper part with minor expression in the lower part of the gastric mucosa. Quantitative estimation of immunohistochemical staining based on the determination of the % positive-stained area from 6 images/group using ImageJ analysis software is charted down the images. compared to normal. compared to absolute EtOH. compared to omeprazole OMP. compared to QB.