Research Article
Spousal Separation and Use of and Unmet Need for Contraception in Nepal: Results Based on a 2016 Survey
Table 4
Factors associated with CPR (any method) and unmet need among cohabiting and noncohabiting women in Nepal, 2016.
| Women’s characteristic | CPR (any method) | Unmet need | Cohabiting | Noncohabiting | Cohabiting | Noncohabiting | Adjusted odds ratio | aOR | aOR | aOR |
| Living children | None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1–2 | 7.03 (5.59–8.84) | 2.97 (1.74–5.06) | 1.95 (1.35–2.81) | 3.64 (2.73–4.85) | 3–4 | 12.90 (9.89–16.82) | 6.10 (3.41–10.91) | 2.26 (1.41–3.63) | 3.82 (2.73–5.34) | 5+ | 9.66 (6.92–13.49) | 4.25 (2.16–8.36) | 2.82 (1.60–4.98) | 5.39 (3.33–8.73) |
| Age-groups (years) | 15–19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20–24 | 0.97 (0.69–1.35) | 1.01 (0.56–1.83) | 0.60 (0.41–0.90) | 0.50 (0.36–0.70) | 25–29 | 1.24 (0.86–1.77) | 1.93 (1.10–3.38) | 0.53 (0.34–0.83) | 0.35 (0.25–0.51) | 30–34 | 1.83 (1.27–2.64) | 3.18 (1.73–5.86) | 0.32 (0.21–0.50) | 0.29 (0.20–0.43) | 35–39 | 2.21 (1.49–3.28) | 5.64 (3.03–10.50) | 0.25 (0.16–0.39) | 0.21 (0.14–0.31) | 40–44 | 1.84 (1.19–2.85) | 5.50 (2.87–10.53) | 0.26 (0.15–0.45) | 0.15 (0.09–0.25) | 45–49 | 1.00 (0.67–1.49) | 7.30 (3.47–15.34) | 0.31 (0.18–0.53) | 0.07 (0.04–0.13) |
| Level of education | No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Primary | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 1.05 (0.81–1.38) | 1.23 (0,95–1.59) | Secondary | 1.06 (0.86–1.32) | 1.43 (1.07–1.89) | 1.26 (0.97–1.64) | 1.32 (1.03–1.67) | Higher | 1.44 (1.02–2.02) | 1.45 (0.93–2.28) | 0.91 (0.59–1.39) | 0.97 (0.68–1.37) |
| Place of residence | Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Rural | 0.92 (0.77–1.08) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) |
| Province | Province 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Province 2 | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 1.14 (0.69–1.91) | 0.90 (0.59–1.38) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | Province 3 | 0.76 (0.57–1.01) | 2.51 (1.42–4.44) | 1.07 (0.76–1.51) | 0.65 (0.42–1.03) | Province 4 | 0.77 (0.58–1.01) | 1.01 (0.62–1.63) | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) | 0.86 (0.60–1.22) | Province 5 | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 0.92 (0.58–1.45) | 1.49 (1.05–2.09) | 0.97 (0.70–1.33) | Province 6 | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 2.13 (1.25–3.61) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 0.61 (0.41–0.91) | Province 7 | 0.81 (0.63–1.06) | 2.12 (1.38–3.25) | 0.77 (0.51–1.16) | 0.58 (0.41–0.83) |
| Ecological zone | Mountain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Hill | 0.95 (0.70–1.30) | 0.78 (0.44–1.37) | 1.12 (0.75–1.67) | 1.24 (0.77–2.00) | Terai | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 0.95 (0.48–1.88) | 1.08 (0.67–1.74) | 1.18 (0.70–2.00) |
| Wealth quintile | Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Poorer | 1.66 (1.35–2.05) | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 0.61 (0.46–0.82) | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) | Middle | 1.73 (1.35–2.23) | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) | 0.63 (0.45–0.88) | 1.18 (0.87–1.61) | Richer | 1.54 (1.20–1.97) | 1.06 (0.65–1.74) | 0.69 (0.49–0.97) | 1.12 (0.81–1.57) | Richest | 1.91 (1.43–2.56) | 0.98 (0.52–1.85) | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | 1.41 (0.88–2.25) |
| Caste/ethnicity | Hill Brahmin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Hill Chhetri | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | Terai Brahmin/Chhetri | 0.77 (0.43–1.37) | 1.57 (0.57–4.31) | 1.35 (0.69–2.64) | 0.46 (0.23–0.90) | Other Terai caste | 0.52 (0.34–0.79) | 3.17 (1.85–5.43) | 1.54 (0.93–2.57) | 0.33 (0.21–0.52) | Hill Dalit | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 1.59 (1.01–2.49) | 1.79 (1.15–2.78) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | Terai Dalit | 0.41 (0.24–0.70) | 2.12 (1.07–4.19) | 1.95 (1.11–3.43) | 0.37 (0.22–0.61) | Newar | 0.73 (0.43–1.22) | 2.61 (1.00–6.84) | 1.87 (1.03–3.41) | 0.75 (0.36–1.58) | Hill Janajati | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 1.45 (0.94–2.24) | 1.21 (0.81–1.82) | 1.00 (0.75–1.35) | Terai Janajati | 1.27 (0.87–1.86) | 4.32 (2.55–7.31) | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) | 0.39 (0.25–0.60) | Muslim | 0.20 (0.13–0.31) | 1.01 (0.50–2.02) | 2.57 (1.45–4.53) | 0.41 (0.25–0.67) |
| Had an abortion in the last five years | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Yes | 1.08 (0.74–1.56) | 0.42 (0.26–0.68) | 1.62 (1.06–2.47) | 1.65 (1.14–2.39) |
| Ever had emergency contraceptives | No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Yes | 0.79 (0.41–1.50) | 1.59 (0.57–4.39) | 2.02 (0.91–4.49) | 1.28 (0.56–2.91) |
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All the variables presented are included in the model. |