Spousal Separation and Use of and Unmet Need for Contraception in Nepal: Results Based on a 2016 Survey

Table 4

Factors associated with CPR (any method) and unmet need among cohabiting and noncohabiting women in Nepal, 2016.

Women’s characteristic	CPR (any method)		Unmet need
	Cohabiting	Noncohabiting	Cohabiting	Noncohabiting
	Adjusted odds ratio	aOR	aOR	aOR
Living children
None	1	1	1	1
1–2	7.03 (5.59–8.84)	2.97 (1.74–5.06)	1.95 (1.35–2.81)	3.64 (2.73–4.85)
3–4	12.90 (9.89–16.82)	6.10 (3.41–10.91)	2.26 (1.41–3.63)	3.82 (2.73–5.34)
5+	9.66 (6.92–13.49)	4.25 (2.16–8.36)	2.82 (1.60–4.98)	5.39 (3.33–8.73)
Age-groups (years)
15–19	1	1	1	1
20–24	0.97 (0.69–1.35)	1.01 (0.56–1.83)	0.60 (0.41–0.90)	0.50 (0.36–0.70)
25–29	1.24 (0.86–1.77)	1.93 (1.10–3.38)	0.53 (0.34–0.83)	0.35 (0.25–0.51)
30–34	1.83 (1.27–2.64)	3.18 (1.73–5.86)	0.32 (0.21–0.50)	0.29 (0.20–0.43)
35–39	2.21 (1.49–3.28)	5.64 (3.03–10.50)	0.25 (0.16–0.39)	0.21 (0.14–0.31)
40–44	1.84 (1.19–2.85)	5.50 (2.87–10.53)	0.26 (0.15–0.45)	0.15 (0.09–0.25)
45–49	1.00 (0.67–1.49)	7.30 (3.47–15.34)	0.31 (0.18–0.53)	0.07 (0.04–0.13)
Level of education
No education	1	1	1	1
Primary	0.92 (0.76–1.12)	1.16 (0.86–1.57)	1.05 (0.81–1.38)	1.23 (0,95–1.59)
Secondary	1.06 (0.86–1.32)	1.43 (1.07–1.89)	1.26 (0.97–1.64)	1.32 (1.03–1.67)
Higher	1.44 (1.02–2.02)	1.45 (0.93–2.28)	0.91 (0.59–1.39)	0.97 (0.68–1.37)
Place of residence
Urban	1	1	1	1
Rural	0.92 (0.77–1.08)	1.10 (0.87–1.40)	1.06 (0.85–1.31)	1.04 (0.87–1.25)
Province
Province 1	1	1	1	1
Province 2	0.69 (0.50–0.96)	1.14 (0.69–1.91)	0.90 (0.59–1.38)	0.83 (0.57–1.21)
Province 3	0.76 (0.57–1.01)	2.51 (1.42–4.44)	1.07 (0.76–1.51)	0.65 (0.42–1.03)
Province 4	0.77 (0.58–1.01)	1.01 (0.62–1.63)	0.92 (0.62–1.36)	0.86 (0.60–1.22)
Province 5	0.63 (0.47–0.84)	0.92 (0.58–1.45)	1.49 (1.05–2.09)	0.97 (0.70–1.33)
Province 6	0.77 (0.58–1.03)	2.13 (1.25–3.61)	1.13 (0.76–1.68)	0.61 (0.41–0.91)
Province 7	0.81 (0.63–1.06)	2.12 (1.38–3.25)	0.77 (0.51–1.16)	0.58 (0.41–0.83)
Ecological zone
Mountain	1	1	1	1
Hill	0.95 (0.70–1.30)	0.78 (0.44–1.37)	1.12 (0.75–1.67)	1.24 (0.77–2.00)
Terai	0.97 (0.67–1.39)	0.95 (0.48–1.88)	1.08 (0.67–1.74)	1.18 (0.70–2.00)
Wealth quintile
Poorest	1	1	1	1
Poorer	1.66 (1.35–2.05)	1.20 (0.82–1.76)	0.61 (0.46–0.82)	1.15 (0.84–1.57)
Middle	1.73 (1.35–2.23)	1.09 (0.72–1.65)	0.63 (0.45–0.88)	1.18 (0.87–1.61)
Richer	1.54 (1.20–1.97)	1.06 (0.65–1.74)	0.69 (0.49–0.97)	1.12 (0.81–1.57)
Richest	1.91 (1.43–2.56)	0.98 (0.52–1.85)	0.71 (0.50–1.01)	1.41 (0.88–2.25)
Caste/ethnicity
Hill Brahmin	1	1	1	1
Hill Chhetri	0.85 (0.64–1.14)	1.07 (0.69–1.66)	1.20 (0.82–1.75)	1.05 (0.75–1.46)
Terai Brahmin/Chhetri	0.77 (0.43–1.37)	1.57 (0.57–4.31)	1.35 (0.69–2.64)	0.46 (0.23–0.90)
Other Terai caste	0.52 (0.34–0.79)	3.17 (1.85–5.43)	1.54 (0.93–2.57)	0.33 (0.21–0.52)
Hill Dalit	0.96 (0.71–1.30)	1.59 (1.01–2.49)	1.79 (1.15–2.78)	0.98 (0.67–1.43)
Terai Dalit	0.41 (0.24–0.70)	2.12 (1.07–4.19)	1.95 (1.11–3.43)	0.37 (0.22–0.61)
Newar	0.73 (0.43–1.22)	2.61 (1.00–6.84)	1.87 (1.03–3.41)	0.75 (0.36–1.58)
Hill Janajati	0.94 (0.72–1.23)	1.45 (0.94–2.24)	1.21 (0.81–1.82)	1.00 (0.75–1.35)
Terai Janajati	1.27 (0.87–1.86)	4.32 (2.55–7.31)	0.69 (0.40–1.19)	0.39 (0.25–0.60)
Muslim	0.20 (0.13–0.31)	1.01 (0.50–2.02)	2.57 (1.45–4.53)	0.41 (0.25–0.67)
Had an abortion in the last five years
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	1.08 (0.74–1.56)	0.42 (0.26–0.68)	1.62 (1.06–2.47)	1.65 (1.14–2.39)
Ever had emergency contraceptives
No	1	1	1	1
Yes	0.79 (0.41–1.50)	1.59 (0.57–4.39)	2.02 (0.91–4.49)	1.28 (0.56–2.91)

All the variables presented are included in the model.