|
| Reference | Country | Publication year | Objective | Study design | Sample size (response rate, %) | Subjects | Setting | Results (most important barriers reported by themes) |
|
| Morrison et al. [12] | Iran | 2020 | Medical errors | Survey | 164 (78) | Nurses (n = 77)
Physicians (n = 87) | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Lack of feedback |
| Moher et al. [13] | Turkey | 2019 | Medication errors | Survey | 135 (53) | Nurses | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Poo understanding of ME and importance of reporting |
| Mahdaviazad et al. [14] | South Korea | 2019 | Medication errors | Survey | 218 (81) | Nurses | Multicenter (7 hospitals) | Fear of consequences |
| Dirik et al. [15] | Iran | 2019 | Medical errors | Interviews | 18 (NA) | Nurses | Unit specific (pediatric inpatient) | Fear of consequences |
| Work climate/culture |
| Kim and Kim [16] | USA | 2018 | Medication errors | Survey | 357 (36) | Nurses | Single hospital | Time consuming |
| Fear of consequences |
| Mousavi-Roknabadi et al. [17] | Qatar | 2018 | Medication errors | Survey | 1604 (NA) | Nurses (n = 1089)
Physicians (n = 213)
Pharmacists (n = 207) | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Rutledge et al. [18] | Iran | 2017 | Medication errors | Survey | 328 (65) | Nurses | Multicenter (7 hospitals) | Time consuming |
| Fear of consequences |
| Stewart et al. [19] | Saudi | 2017 | Medication errors | Survey | 367 (73) | Nurses | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Fathi et al. [20] | Turkey | 2017 | Medical errors | Interviews | 23 (NA) | Nurses (n = 15)
Physicians (n = 8) | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Lack of feedback |
| Lack of a reporting system |
| Hammoudi and Yahya [21] | South Korea | 2017 | Medication errors | Survey | 245 (33) | Pharmacists | Multicenter (32 hospitals) | Lack of understanding of ME and the importance of reporting ME |
| Soydemir et al. [22] | Iran | 2017 | Medical errors | Survey | 140 (NA) | Nurses | Unit specific (obstetric ward) | Fear of consequences |
| Kang et al. [23] | USA | 2017 | Medication errors | Survey | 71 (45) | Nurses | Unit specific (ER) | Lack of feedback |
| Work climate/culture factors |
| Mobarakabadi et al. [24] | UAE | 2016 | Medication errors | Interviews | 29 (NA) | Nurses (n = 10)
Pharmacists (n = 10)
Physicians (n = 9) | Multicenter (3 hospitals) | Lack of feedback |
| Work climate/culture |
| Farag et al. [25] | USA | 2016 | Medical errors | Post hoc analysis of a national database | 5339 (NA) | Pharmacists | Multicenter (NA) | Lack of feedback |
| Work climate/culture |
| Alqubaisi et al. [26] | Taiwan | 2016 | Medication errors | Survey | 15 (41) | Nurses | Single hospital | Fear from consequences |
| Patterson and Pace [27] | Iran | 2015 | Medical errors | Survey | 348 (16) | Physicians, nurses, and others | Multicenter (5 hospitals) | Lack of a reporting system |
| Lack of understanding of ME and the importance of reporting ME |
| Yung et al. [28] | USA | 2015 | Medical errors | Post hoc analysis of a national database | NA | All employees | Multicenter (NA) | Work climate/culture |
| Poorolajal et al. [29] | USA | 2015 | Medical errors | Survey | 40 (60%) | Nurses | Unit specific (surgical) | Work climate/culture |
| Derickson et al. [30] | USA | 2014 | Medical errors | Survey | 300 (75) | Nurses (n = 186)
Physicians (n = 26)
Paramedics (n = 78) | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Farag and Anthony [31] | South Korea | 2014 | Medical | Survey | 522 (77) | Nurses | Multicenter (2 hospitals) | Work climate/culture |
| Jahromi et al. [32] | UK | 2014 | Medication errors | Interviews | 50 (NA) | Nurses | Unit specific (psychiatric hospital) | Time consuming |
| Lack of understanding of ME and the importance of reporting ME |
| Fear of consequences |
| Hwang and Ahn [33] | Iran | 2014 | Medication errors | Survey | 100 (NA) | Nurses | Single hospital | Lack of a reporting system |
| Lack of feedback |
| Lack of understanding of ME and the importance of reporting ME |
| Haw et al. [34] | USA | 2013 | Medical errors | Post hoc analysis of a national database | 5339 (NA) | Pharmacists | Multicenter (NA) | Work climate/culture |
| Mostafaei et al. [35] | Saudi | 2013 | Medication errors | Survey | 307 (88) | Nurses | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Patterson et al. [36] | Canada | 2012 | Medication errors | Focus group | NA | NA | Multicenter (4 hospitals) | Time consuming |
| Fear of consequences |
| Aboshaiqah [37] | Turkey | 2012 | Medication errors | Survey | 119 (72) | Nurses | Unit specific (pediatrics) | Fear of consequences |
| Hartnell et al. [38] | Taiwan | 2010 | Medication errors | Survey | 838 (84) | Nurses | Multicenter (5 hospitals) | Fear of consequences |
| Toruner and Uysal [39] | UK | 2009 | Medical errors | Survey | 134 (66) | Nurses (n = 82)
Physicians (n = 55) | Unit specific (surgical units) | Lack of understanding of ME and the importance of reporting ME |
| Lack of feedback |
| Chiang [40] | Taiwan | 2006 | Medication errors | Survey | 597 (74) | Nurses | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
| Time consuming |
| Lack of feedback |
| Kreckler et al. [41] | USA | 2005 | Medication errors | Survey | 25 (41) | Nurses | Single hospital | Fear of consequences |
|
