Viral Inactivation with Emphasis on SARS-CoV-2 Using Physical and Chemical Disinfectants

Table 1

Inactivation of viruses by different types of physical disinfectants.

Disinfection	Concentration	Virus	Strain isolate	Retention time	Reduction of viral infectivity (log10)	Reference
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 3 J/m^2	SARS-CoV-2	Isolate FFM-1	11–34 min	1.0	[9]
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 7 J/m^2	SARS-CoV-2	Isolate FFM-1	11–34 min	2.0	[9]
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 28 J/m^2	SARS-CoV-2	Isolate FFM-1	11–34 min	3.0	[9]
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 140 J/m^2	SARS-CoV-2	Isolate FFM-1	11–34 min	6.0	[9]
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 6.9 J/m^2	SARS-CoV-2	—	2 h	1.0	[10]
UVB (300 nm)	Dose of 1400 J/m^2	Vaccinia virus	—	2 h	2.0	[11]
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 0.2 J/cm^2	SARS-CoV-2	Frankfurt 1	—	≥3.4	[12]
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 0.2 J/cm^2	CCHFV	Afg09-2990	—	≥2.2	[12]
UVC (254 nm)	Dose of 0.2 J/cm^2	NiV	Malaysia	—	≥4.3	[12]
UVC (222 nm)	Dose of 0.56 mJ/cm^2	HCoV	229E	—	1.0	[13]
UVC (222 nm)	Dose of 0.39 mJ/cm^2	HCoV	OC43	—	1.0	[13]
Pulsed-xenon ultraviolet light	—	SARS-CoV-2	USA-WA1/2020	2 min	>4.54	[14]
Visible light plus MB (plasma units)	120 J/cm^2	MERS-CoV	EMC/2012	—	≥3.3	[12]
Visible light plus MB (plasma units)	120 J/cm^2	EBOV	Mayinga-76	—	≥4.6	[12]
Gamma irradiation	1 mrad	SARS-CoV-1	Strain Tor 2	5 s	>4.0	[15]
Dry heat	90°C	Poliovirus	Strain Sabin	1 min	>4.6	[16]
Dry heat	90°C	Adenovirus	Type 5	1 min	3.9	[16]
Dry heat	60°C	CCV	SP-80 strain	1 min	1.56	[17]
Dry heat	60°C	MHV	RV-13 strain	1 min	2.87	[17]
Dry heat	80°C	CCV	SP-80 strain	1 min	>4.04	[17]
Dry heat	80°C	MHV	RV-13 strain	1 min	>3.88	[17]
Dry heat	56°C	SARS-CoV	Isolate FFM-1	30 min	≥5.01	[18]
Dry heat	60°C	SARS-CoV	Isolate FFM-1	30 min	≥5.01	[18]
Dry heat	4°C	PEDV	Strain CV777	120 min	0.0	[19]
Dry heat	40°C	PEDV	Strain CV777	120 min	1.0	[19]
Dry heat	56°C	PEDV	Strain CV777	10 min	1.0–1.7	[20]
Dry heat	56°C	MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV strain Hu/France-FRA2_130569/2013 (FRA2)	30 s	0.1–0.9	[21]
Dry heat	56°C	CCV	Strain S378	30 min	≥5.01	[22]
Moist heat	90°C	Poliovirus	Strain Sabin	1 min	>5.0	[18]
Moist heat	90°C	Adenovirus	Type 5	1 min	>4.1	[18]

CCHFV: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus; NiV: Nipah virus; EBOV: Ebola virus; MB: methylene blue; SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome; MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome; MHV: mouse hepatitis virus; CCV: canine coronavirus; HCoV: human coronavirus; TGEV: transmissible gastroenteritis virus; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus.