Composting for a More Sustainable Palm Oil Waste Management: A Systematic Literature Review

Table 3

Comparison between windrow-based and CECC environment [62].

Parameter	Outdoor system	Indoor system	CECC
Compost location	Open air >10 Ha	Indoor shelter >4 Ha	Controlled closed environment
Weather protection	Compost cover and no rainwater puddle control	Shelter/roof	In controlled room
Operational complexity; compost period	Supervision manually; 60–90 days	Manual supervision; 45–60 days	Computer controlled; 14 days
Moisture addition	Not controlled (weather)	Not completely controlled	Fully controlled
Temperature control	No	No	Fully controlled
Leachate control	Minimum	Fully	Controlled and recyclable
Quality control and traceability	No	Part	Fully
Production of bio-organic fertilizer	Noncompliance and low-quality compost only	Partial compliance, inconsistent quality, and colony form unit	Full compliance and high colony form unit calculation