Composting for a More Sustainable Palm Oil Waste Management: A Systematic Literature Review

Table 6

Physicochemical data of compost from several studies.

Ref

Material

Time (Day)

Temperature (°C)

Moisture (%)

pH

C/N

P

K

S

Ca

Mg

Fe

Mn

Cu

Zn

B

[68]

EFB

60

27–35

47–57

5.2

68.39

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and EM4

60

30–44

45–65

5.9

29.80

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and local decomposer vegetable waste

60

30–54

50–65

6.9

21.18

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and local decomposer

60

30–52

54–65

6.2

33.37

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Banana hump EFB and palm oil liquid waste

60

30–54

50–65

6.7

24.10

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[11]

EFB and chicken manure

45

n

n

n

28.03

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, chicken manure, and inoculum 1

45

n

n

n

19.63

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, chicken manure, and inoculum 2

45

n

n

n

17.27

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, chicken manure, and inoculum 3

45

n

n

n

16.68

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[69]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

30

30–40

70–75

8.5

17.95

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

30

30–40

70–75

8.5

14.13

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

30

30–40

70–75

8.5

28.41

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[70]

EFB

60

n

n

n

17.92

0.5

6.1

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and M. bracteata

60

n

n

n

14.39

0.6

4.2

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and M. bracteata

60

n

n

n

12.30

0.6

4.9

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and M. bracteata

60

n

n

n

14.43

0.6

6.6

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[71]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

52

29.73

72.03

6.71

29.45

n

3.8

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, palm oil liquid waste, fish pellets, bone pellets, ash, and sawdust

52

28.30

59.32

6.32

16.01

1.2

12

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, palm oil liquid waste, fish pellets, bone pellets, ash, and sawdust

52

28.10

72.44

6.41

15.15

1.3

12

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, palm oil liquid waste, fish pellets, bone pellets, ash, and sawdust

52

28.13

64.71

6.17

22.33

2.7

12

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[9]

EFB, palm oil liquid waste, and perlakuan 1

60

55

67

9.08

n

0.2

6.0

n

n

0.4

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, palm oil liquid waste, and perlakuan 2

60

55

67

8.75

n

0.3

3.7

n

n

0.4

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, palm oil liquid waste, and perlakuan 3

60

55

70

8.50

n

0.3

3.8

n

n

0.5

n

n

n

n

n

[72]

EFB

64

26–52

n

8.12

63.32

0.2

8.2

n

8

2.5

0.9

n

0.03

n

0.3

[73]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

14

27–30

n

8.2

25

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

14

27–30

n

8.0

30

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

14

27–30

n

8.1

35

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

14

27–30

n

8.0

40

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

14

27–30

n

8.0

45

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

14

27–30

n

8.2

50

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

14

27–30

n

8.2

55

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[74]

EFB and Streptomyces sp.

60

n

n

n

20.4

0.7

1.8

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and Bacillus sp.

60

n

n

n

18.2

0.6

1.8

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

60

n

n

n

17.5

0.8

1.9

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, Streptomyces sp., and Bacillus sp.

60

n

n

n

16.4

0.8

1.9

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB, Streptomyces sp., Bacillus sp., and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

60

n

n

n

16.1

0.9

2

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

60

n

n

n

21.3

0.7

2

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[75]

Fresh palm oil, chicken manure, and rice washing water

21

56

40–60

n

15.79–21.34

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[76]

EFB, leaf, and chicken manure

80

49–57

40–65

7.15–7.38

17.6–26.1

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[77]

Fresh palm oil

60

56

50–70

8.2

18

0.1

0.9

0.4

0.6

0.2

0.2

72

24

38

9

[78]

Palm oil and biogas waste

60

38.35

6.92

8.17

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Palm oil, biogas waste, and EFB

60

44.66

47.35

7.82

15.77

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Palm oil biogas waste and decanter cake

60

n

50.70

7.75

7.57

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Palm oil biogas waste, EFB, and decanter cake

60

49

43.77

7.79

13.47

0.9

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[7]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

40

67

55–65

8.1

12.4

1.4

2.8

0.2

1.0

0.9

1.0

151

74

157

11

[79]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

70

70

n

7.7

15

4.5

80

n

10

13

n

n

38

154

n

[34]

EFB, palm oil liquid waste, and decanter cake

51

79

50–60

8.527

18.6

1.2

2.9

n

1.2

0.8

n

n

n

n

n

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

51

50–60

8.627

28.02

1

2.5

n

0.9

2.5

n

n

n

n

n

[80]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

60

35.3

60

7.8

12.8

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[81]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

60

35

61

8.1

12.7

1.3

2.8

1.1

0.7

0.9

1.2

245

68

87

n

[82]

EFB and sewage sludge (4:1)

84

28–41.5

n

6.9

22.16

0.5

2.5

n

0.4

0.3

0.5

99

67

723

n

EFB and sewage sludge (3:1)

n

6.7

21.83

0.6

4

n

0.4

0.4

0.7

108

68

881

n

Frond and sewage sludge (4:1)

n

6

24.6

0.8

2

n

0.5

0.2

0.5

85

52

495

n

Frond and sewage sludge (3:1)

n

5.8

29.67

1

2.2

n

0.5

0.2

0.5

98

53

675

n

Trunk and sewage sludge (4:1)

n

6.2

18.98

0.6

1.4

n

0.7

0.2

0.6

93

69

671

n

Trunk and sewage sludge (3:1)

n

6.1

19

0.9

1.7

n

0.6

0.3

0.7

88

79

829

n

[83]

Palm oil liquid waste and sawdust

300

40

n

5.7

19

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[84]

EFB and palm oil liquid waste

98

70–75

n

7.5

15

3.1

55

15

9.6

n

n

38

154

0.1

Description: n = none (not available): P = phosphorus, K = potassium, S = sulfur, Ca = calcium, Mg = magnesium, and Fe = iron are represented by the unit % (percentage); Mn = manganese, Cu = copper, Zn = zinc, and B = boron are represented by the units ppm or mg/kg.