|
| Application method | Strengths | Weaknesses |
|
| Flatbed or long bed system | (i) Higher capacity compared to the furrow system | (i) Investment and operational costs are more expensive than the furrow system |
| (ii) Suitable use in sloping/relatively flat hilly areas | (ii) Can damage palm oil trees if overfeeding is done |
| (iii) Equitable distribution of waste and good soil element storage | (iii) Complicates the work of harvesters compared to furrows |
| (iv) Less soil erosion effect | (iv) More pungent smell |
| (v) Rarely clogged | |
| (vi) Low investment cost compared to sprinklers | |
|
| Furrow system | (i) At the same volume, less area is required | (i) Affected by soil erosion |
| (ii) Cheaper investment costs compared to sprinklers and long beds | (ii) Easy to clog and overflow |
| (iii) The potential for damaging palm oil trees is more diminutive than long beds | (iii) Need control during effluent irrigation |
| (iv) Suitable use in areas with clay or clay soil types | (iv) Operating costs are higher than long beds |
| (v) Easier to maintain | |
| (vi) Do not complicate harvesters | |
| (vii) Increase in yield/ha/year is almost the same as sprinklers and long beds | |
| (viii) Relatively less smell than a long bed | |
|
| Sprinkler system | (i) Sufficiently high waste delivery capacity | (i) High investment and operational costs |
| (ii) Can distribute liquid waste over a large area | (ii) Need more maintenance |
| (iii) Not affected by the contours of the land | (iii) Pipes can be clogged and broken |
| (iv) Not affected by soil erosion | (iv) The sprinkler can get stuck due to blockage |
|
| Tanker system | (i) Cheaper investment and operational costs than other systems | (i) Potential for pollution outside the area is relatively high |
| (ii) Can apply liquid waste in areas far from WWTP | (ii) Lower effluent application capacity |
| | (iii) Influenced by the condition of road and bridge infrastructure in the application area |
| | (iv) Influenced by the season |
| | (v) Affected by the condition of the tractor/tanker |
| | (vi) Application of liquid waste at any time can be stopped entirely |
| | (vii) Easy to clog and overflow |
| | (vii) Need control during waste watering |
|
