Herbal Remedy: An Alternate Therapy of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Induced Gastric Ulcer Healing

Table 1

The common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and their mechanism of action [15, 16].

Serial no.	Drug	Mechanism of action
1	Indomethacin	Nonselective COX inhibitor, also inhibits phospholipase A and C, reduces neutrophil migration, and reduces T and B cell proliferation
2	Aspirin	Irreversibly inhibits COX
3	Diclofenac	Nonselective COX inhibitor
4	Ibuprofen	Nonselective COX inhibitor
5	Naproxen	Nonselective COX inhibitor
6	Ketoprofen	Nonselective COX and lipoxygenase inhibitor
7	Celecoxib	Selective COX-2 inhibitor
8	Meloxicam	Preferentially inhibits COX-2, also inhibits COX-1 and thromboxaneA2
9	Diflunisal	Nonselective COX inhibitor
10	Etodolac	Nonselective COX inhibitor
11	Flurbiprofen	Nonselective COX inhibitor, affects TNF-𝛼 and nitric oxide synthesis
12	Oxaprozin	Nonselective COX inhibitor
13	Nabumetone	Nonselective COX inhibitor
15	Piroxicam	Nonselective COX inhibitor, also inhibits polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration, decreases oxygen radical production, and inhibits lymphocyte function