The Use of Rose Bengal Plate Test to Asses Cattle Exposure to Brucella Infection in Traditional and Smallholder Dairy Production Systems of Tanga Region of Tanzania

Table 1

The proportions of herd in each category of each variable investigated during the study (May 2003–January 2004).

Variable	Categories	No. of herds $(\%)$
		Traditional $(n\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}=25)$	Smallholder dairy $(n=105)$
Sex†	Male	$22\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(9)$	$25\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(6)$
	Female	$223\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(91)$	$384\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(94)$
Brought in animals from previous years	Yes	$5\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(21)$	$29\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(27.6)$
	No	$20\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(79)$	$76\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(72.4)$
Grazing history	Zero grazing	$0\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(0)$	$76\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(72.4)$
	Semi/free grazing	$25\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(100)$	$29\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(27.6)$
Herd location	Periurban	$\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}5\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(20)$	$37\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(35.2)$
	Urban	$5\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(20)$	$53\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(50.5)$
	Rural	$15\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(60)$	$15\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(14.3)$
${\text{Breeding}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{system}}^{*}$	Own bull	$13\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(52)$	$13\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(12.4)$
	Bull from outside	$12\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(48)$	$60\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(57.7)$
	AI	$0\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(0)$	$67\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(63.8)$
${\text{Water}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{source}}^{*}$	Tap	$4\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(16)$	$87\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(82.8)$
	Rain water	$19\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(76)$	$35\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(33.3)$
	Shallow wells	$1\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(4)$	$11\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(10.5)$
	River	$18\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(72)$	$16\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(15.2)$
	Pond	$11\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(44)$	$23\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(22.0)$
History of abortion	Yes	$3\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(12)$	$4\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(3.7)$
	No	$22\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(88)$	$105\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(96.3)$
Disposal of afterbirth	Yes	$8\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(32)$	$95\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(90.5)$
	No	$17\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(68)$	$10\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(9.5)$
Cattle going to water source	Yes	$25\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(100)$	$23\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(22.0)$
	No	$0\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(0)$	$82\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(78.0)$
Education level	Illiterate	$22\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(88)$	$63\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(60)$
	Above primary	$3\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(12)$	$42\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(40)$
Other training: livestock keeping	Yes	$4\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(16)$	$70\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(66.6)$
	No	$21\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(84)$	$35\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(33.3)$
${\text{Source}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{of}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{fodder}}^{*}$	Road side	Na	$75\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(71.4)$
	Own established	Na	$27\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(25.7)$
	Bought in hay	Na	$12\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(11.4)$
${\text{Contact}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{with}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{other}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{animals}}^{*}$	Dairy to dairy	$0\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}0)$	$86\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(82)$
	Dairy to zebu	$17\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(68)$	$19\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(18)$
	Contact sheep/goat	$22\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(88)$	$0\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(0)$
	Contact pigs	$0\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(0)$	$25\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(23.8)$
	Contact game	$9\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(36)$	$2\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(1.90029$
${\text{Place}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{of}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}\text{contact}}^{*}$	Pasture	$23\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(92)$	$29\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(27.6)$
	Watering point	$24\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(96)$	$26\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(24.8)$
	Dip	$6\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(24)$	$22\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(20.9)$
	Mating	$1\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(4)$	$28\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(26.6)$
	Housing (shoats)	$17\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(68)$	$17\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}(16.2)$

${}^{\mathit{*}}$Proportion do not add up to 100% each category was treated as a binary variable; AI: Artificial insemination.
Na: not applicable;
†Sample size (traditional, $n\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}=246$; smallholder, n = 409).