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| | Injury | Gastrointestinal disease | Malnutrition | Lameness | Foot diseases | Infectious disease | Parasitic disease | Ocular disease |
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| Standard treatment | Abscesses and myiasis, general and wounds: flush with saline, H2O2, iodine, chlorhexidine; surgical drainage; topical and systemic antibiotics 7–15 d (oxytetracycline and penicillin); local betamethasone and unspecified anti-inflammatories; conservative compress; vitamins; analgesics; tetanus toxoid; fly repellants; fluid therapy; rest.
Gunshot: anesthesia; wound dressing; broad spectrum antibiotic | General: antibiotics; fluids; oral electrolytes; antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamycin); ranitidine; tolterodine; budesonide; metaclopromide; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories; antispasmotics; vitamins; minerals
Colic: enema; fluids and electrolytes; exercise; nonsteroidal agents; bath in pool; antibiotics; anthelmintics; liver extract
Constipation/impaction: fluids; rectal palpation; supportive therapy; enemas; purgatives; rest; parasympathomimetics; spasmolytics
Bloat: supportive therapy; per rectum neurostimulation; antibloat agents; rectal enemas; exercise; flunixin meglumine.
Diarrhea: antibiotics; fluids; diet correction; astringents; antiparasitics; fecal culture.
Malabsorption: vitamin and mineral levels in blood; nutritional supplements | Improved food quality; vitamins, minerals, and other food supplements; antiparasitic agents; regular monitoring of serum levels | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories; steroids; herbal drugs; hot massage; cool compresses; antibiotics; supportive treatment; rest
Fractures: bandage; rest/restriction of movement; plaster cast | Routine foot care; dry location tethering; isolation.
Cleaning or bath with H2O2, iodine or formalin.
Local, topical, or systemic antibiotics (tetracycline, broad-spectrum, or based on culture and sensitivity.)
Local steroids; supportive therapy | General: antibiotics
Tuberculosis: antibiotics (rifampin, ethambutol, or isoniazide) or no treatment
EEHV: famcyclovir, acyclovir
Tetanus: antispasmodic drugs; antibiotics; hydration; tetanus toxoid
Elephant pox: antibiotics; fluids; vitamins; local therapy | General: topical and systemic antiparasitic agents (fenbendazol, albendazol, mebendazol, ivermectin, oxyclozanide); supportive therapy; routine fecal examination
Balantidia: no response
Trypanosomiasis: Berenil
Cobboldia spp. and filarial: ivermectin | Ophthalmic topicals: gentamycin, chloramphenicol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, doxycycline, and tetracycline
Systemic drugs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories
Not specified: antibiotics, herbal medications, antifungals, analgesics, glaucoma drugs
Surgery |
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| Percentage resolved without treatment (range/number of respondents)† | General: 0–80%
Gunshot: 50% | General: 1–60%
Colic: 0–10%
Constipation/impaction: 0–30%
Bloat: 0–100%
Diarrhea: 0–30%
Malabsorption: 0% | 0–20% | General: 0–20% (70% for arthritis)
Fractures: 0–20% | 0–70% | Tuberculosis: 0–30%
EEHV: 0–20%
Tetanus: no responses
Elephant pox: 1% | General: 0–30%
Balantidia: 0%
Trypanosomiasis: 20%
Cobboldia spp. and filarial: 10–20% | Conjunctivitis/keratitis: 0–50%
Nonspecific ocular disease: 1–40% |
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| Percentage that die without treatment† | General: 0–70%
Gunshot: 50%
| General: 0–70%
Colic: 0–80%
Constipation/impaction: 0–50%
Bloat: 1–1005
Diarrhea: 0-100%
Malabsorption: 100% | 0–20% | General: 0–5% (40% degenerative joint disease)
Fractures: 20–100% | 0–50% | Tuberculosis: 0–60%
EEHV: 0–80%
Tetanus: 100%
Elephant pox: 90% | General: 0–50%
Balantidia: 0%
Trypanosomiasis: 80%
Cobboldia spp. and filarial: 50–60% | Conjunctivitis/keratitis:
Conjunctivitis/keratitis: 0–10%
Nonspecific ocular disease: 0–5% |
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| Percentage cured with standard treatment† | General: 25–100%
Gunshot: 90% | General: 90–100%
Colic: 70–100%
Constipation/impaction: 60–100%
Bloat: 80–100%
Diarrhea: 60–90%
Malabsorption: no response | 100% | General: 70–80% (40% degenerative joint disease)
Fractures: 15–60% | 30–90% | Tuberculosis: 20–80%
EEHV: 25–40%
Tetanus: 30%
Elephant pox: 100% | General: 80–100%
Balantidia: 1000%
Trypanosomiasis: 50%
Cobboldia spp. and filarial: 90–100% | Conjunctivitis/keratitis: 50–100%
Nonspecific ocular disease: 40–100% |
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| Percentage mortality with standard treatment† | General: 0–10%
Gunshot: 10% | General: 0–5%
Colic 0–20%:
Constipation/impaction: 0–20%
Bloat: 0–1%
Diarrhea: 0–40%
Malabsorption: no response | 0% | General: 0% (50% degenerative joint disease)
Fractures: 10–85% | 0–40% | Tuberculosis: 0–20%
EEHV: 25–60%
Tetanus: 70%
Elephant pox: 10% | General: 0–10%
Balantidia: 0%
Trypanosomiasis: 50%
Cobboldia spp. and filarial: 5–10% | Conjunctivitis/keratitis: 0–10%
Nonspecific ocular disease: 0% |
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| Treatments that are wished for | General: Suture; minor surgical instruments; antibiotics; drugs that enhance granulation or destroy pyogenic membranes; hoisting facility; topical cream; radiology access | General: routine anthelmintics; probiotics
Colic: improved diagnostics, drug efficacy, husbandry records, trochars, diet, and routine anthelmintics;
Constipation/impaction: endoscopic surgery
Bloat: no responses
Diarrhea: improved diagnostics; uncertain
Malabsorption: no response | Improved food and supplement resources; reduced corruption of government funds; standardized nutritional guidelines | Improved drugs; improved diagnostic tools; acupuncture; hoisting facility | Elephant training for routine, hygienic foot care and foot care tools; improved staff training; increased enclosure size; cryosurgery; radiology capacity; shoes to prevent wound contamination | General: emphasis on prevention; medications specific for organism
Tuberculosis: cheaper drugs with less toxicity and shorter treatment protocols; testing options;
EEHV: early diagnostic tools; famcyclovir
Tetanus: uncertain
Elephant pox: clinical laboratory facility |
General: preventive therapy; improved diagnostics and drug efficacy; therapeutic baths
Balantidia: no response
Trypanosomiasis: less toxic drug
Cobboldia spp. and filarial: improved laboratory diagnostics and improved mobility to improve response time | Increased variety of drugs available (concerns for antibiotic resistance and efficacy); improved housing (preventive); clinic for morbid animals; ophthalmoscopes and improved diagnostics; improved drug application methods; improved surgical options |
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