Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Domestic Ruminants in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Table 4

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors with T. gondii seropositivity in cattle at animal level ().

Variables	Category	Number tested	Positive (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
District	Haramaya	87	14 (16.1)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Gursum	153	9 (5.9)	0.33 (0.13–0.79)	0.19 (0.06–0.59)	0.004
	Babille	86	12 (14.0)	0.85 (0.37–1.95)	1.60 (0.49–5.16)	0.434
Environment	Rural	303	30 (9.9)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Urban	23	5 (21.7)	2.53 (0.88–7.30)	—
Sex	Male	97	11 (11.3)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Female	229	24 (10.5)	0.92 (0.43–1.95)	—
Age	≤1 year	34	3 (8.8)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	>1–5 years	186	19 (10.2)	1.18 (0.33–4.21)	—
	>5 years	106	13 (12.3)	1.44 (0.39–5.40)	—
Herd size	Small	218	27 (12.4)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Large	108	8 (7.4)	0.57 (0.25–1.29)	0.35 (0.13–0.97)	0.044
Cats contact	No	223	19 (8.5)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Yes	103	16 (15.5)	1.97 (0.97–4.02)	2.23 (0.86–5.77)	0.097
Water source	Mixed	234	14 (6.0)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Pond	69	16 (23.2)	4.75 (2.18–10.32)	5.60 (2.12–14.78)	<0.001
	Pipe water	23	5 (21.7)	4.37 (1.41–13.49)	10.68 (2.23–51.22)	0.003
House type	Barn	29	5 (17.2)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Both	246	23 (9.4)	0.50 (0.17–1.42)	0.23 (0.05–0.99)	0.049
	Fence	51	7 (13.7)	0.76 (0.22–2.67)	0.42 (0.08–2.32)	0.318

Mixed: river, stream water, and well; Pond: stagnant water; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Significant.