Research Article
Reproductive Diseases and Disorders of Female Camels: An Assessment and Pathological and Bacteriological Study in Eastern Ethiopia
Table 1
Owners’ knowledge and practices in managing reproductive diseases and reason for culling she-camels at the study area.
| | Productivity testing criteria | District | Total | (χ2) value | | Babille | Dire Dawa | Haramaya |
| | Age at culling | Young | 0(0) | 6(100) | 0(0) | 6(12) | 11(0.02) | | Adult | 17(50) | 11(32.4) | 6(17.6) | 34(68) | | | Old | 2(20) | 6(60) | 2(20) | 10(20) | | | Age at the first calving | 4–5 | 9(60) | 3(20) | 3(20) | 15(30) | 6(0.05) | | >5 years | 10(28.6) | 20(57.1) | 5(14.3) | 35(70) | | | Zero | 0(0) | 6(100) | 0(0) | 6(12) | | | Parity number | 1–2 | 5(50) | 3(30) | 2(20) | 10(20) | 13(0.04) | | 3–5 | 14(48.3) | 11(37.9) | 4(13.8) | 29(58) | | | >5 | 0(0) | 3(60) | 2(40) | 5(10) | | | Calving interval | NA | 3(33.3) | 6(66.7) | 0(0) | 9(18) | 8(0.2) | | 18–24 months | 4(28.6) | 8(57.1) | 2(14.3) | 14(28) | | | 24–30 months | 10(45.5) | 6(27.3) | 6(27.3) | 22(44) | | | About 36 months | 2(40) | 3(60) | 0(0) | 5(10) | | | Previous history of RP/D | Abortion | 2(50) | 0(0) | 2(50) | 4(8) | 14(0.03) | | Refuse mating | 0(0) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 5(10) | | | Repeat breeding | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(4) | | | No case | 15(38.5) | 18(46.2) | 6(15.4) | 39(78) | | | Suspected predisposing for RP/D | Malnutrition | 0(0) | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(8) | 22(0.00) | | Over packing | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(4) | | | Premature mating | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(4) | | | Toxic plant | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(100) | 2(4) | | | Unknown | 15(37.5) | 19(47.5) | 6(15) | 40(80) | | | Use of a common breeding bull | Yes (used) | 16(41) | 17(43.6) | 6(15.4) | 39(78) | 0.7(0.71) | | Not used | 3(27.3) | 6(54.5) | 2(18.2) | 11(22) | | | RP/D management practice | Home feeding | 2(15.4) | 9(69.2) | 2(15.4) | 13(26) | 12(0.05) | | Leaf preparation | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 2(66.7) | 3(6) | | | Raw egg feeding | 5(50) | 3(30) | 2(20) | 10(20) | | | Nothing | 12(50) | 10(41.7) | 2(8.3) | 24(48) | | | Knowledge on artificial insemination (AI) | Know | 2(18.2) | 9(81.8) | 0(0) | 11(22) | 8(0.02) | | No information | 17(43.6) | 14(35.9) | 8(20.5) | 39(78) | | | Contacting vet. for RP management | Yes | 3(50) | 3(50) | 0(0) | 6(12) | 1.2(0.5) | | No | 16(36.4) | 20(45.5) | 8(18.2) | 44(88) | | | Total | 19(38) | 23(46) | 8(16) | 50(100) | | |
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NA (not applicable) = culled before giving birth or after the 1st parity; RP/D = reproductive problem or disorders.
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