Veterinary Medicine International / 2022 / Article / Tab 5 / Research Article
Isolation and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Milk and Milk Products, Associated Factors for Contamination, and Their Antibiogram in Holeta, Central Ethiopia Table 5 Results of logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors associated with the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk.
Variables Categories No. of tested No. of positive (%) Univariable Multivariable OR (95% CI) P valueOR (95% CI) P valueAge (years) ≤5 161 12 (7.45) 1.0 — >5 221 21 (9.5) 1.03 (0.62–2.73) 0.483 Breed HF cross 325 27 (8.31) 1.0 — Jersey 57 6 (10.53) 1.29 (0.51–3.30) 0.583 Parity 3–5 46 1 (2.17) 1.0 — 1.0 >6 156 12 (6.79) 3.75 (0.47–29.64) 0.210 2.83 (0.32–25.18) 0.351 1-2 180 20 (11.11) 5.62 (0.73–43.06) 0.096 6.60 (0.76–57.09) 0.086 Herd size ≥30 animals 215 18 (8.37) 1.0 — <30 animals 167 15 (8.98) 1.08 (0.53–2.21) 0.833 Farm hygiene Fair 226 18 (7.96) 1.0 — Poor 99 9 (9.09) 1.16 (0.50–2.67) 0.735 Good 57 6 (10.53) 1.36 (0.51–3.60) 0.536 Management system Intensive 254 20 (7.81) 1.0 Semi-intensive 128 13 (10.16) 1.32 (0.63–2.75) 0.457 Teat status All normal 341 29 (8.50) 1.0 — At least one is blind 41 4 (9.76) 1.16 90.39–3.49) 0.788 Lactation stage Mid (3–6 months) 130 7 (5.38) 1.0 — 1.0 — Late (>7 months) 98 10 (10.20) 2.0 (0.73–5.45) 0.177 1.94 (0.65–5.79) 0.236 Early (1-2 months) 154 16 (10.39) 2.04 (0.81–5.12) 0.130 1.79 (0.65–4.87) 0.257 Milking utensils Stainless steel 227 19 (8.37) 1.0 — Plastic 155 14 (9.03) 1.08 (0.53–2.24) 0.821 Method of cleaning milking containers Hot water and detergent 58 4 (6.90) 1.0 — Cold water and soap/detergent 324 29 (8.95) 1.33 (0.45–3.93) 0.609 Use of disinfection Yes 258 22 (8.53) 1.0 — No 124 11 (8.87) 1.04 (0.49–2.23) 0.911 The habit of fingering nose No 24 1 (4.17) 1.0 — Yes 358 32 (8.94) 2.56 (0.30–17.27) 0.433 Teat washing No 233 8 (3.43) 1.0 — 1.0 — Yes 149 25 (16.78) 5.67 (2.48–12.94) ≤0.001 4.93 (2.06–11.81) ≤0.001 Individual towel use No 365 25 (6.85) 1.0 1.0 Yes 17 8 (47.06) 12.09 (4.29–34.04) 0.001 12.13 (3.74–39.29) ≤0.001 Milking technique Machine 106 8 (7.55) 1.0 — Manual 276 25 (9.06) 1.20 (0.52–2.76) 0.663 Tick infestation No 363 27 (7.44) 1.0 — 1.0 Yes 19 6 (31.57) 5.74 (2.02–16.31) 0.001 4.31 (1.28–14.44) 0.018
CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.