Antimicrobial Usage in Smallholder Poultry Production in Nigeria
Table 2
Farmers knowledge and awareness of the implications and risk of antimicrobials.
Questions
Location
Total N = 212
χ 2 (df)
value
Kebbi n = 65
Nasarawa n = 41
Rivers n = 26
Kwara n = 28
Imo n = 52
Do you keep record of drugs used?
Yes
3 (4.7)
9 (14.0)
0 (0.0)
11 (17.2)
41 (64.1)
64
92.2 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
62 (41.9)
32 (21.6)
26 (17.6)
17 (11.5)
11 (7.4)
148
Are you aware of drug residue?
Yes
3 (25.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (16.7)
3 (25.0)
4 (33.3)
12
4.53 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
62 (31.0)
41 (20.5)
24 (12.0)
25 (12.5)
48 (24.0)
200
Are you aware of the withdrawal period when using antimicrobials and do you observe it?
Yes
1 (5.9)
1 (5.9)
7 (41.2)
2 (11.8)
6 (35.2)
17
18.93 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
62 (32.0)
40 (21.0)
19 (10.0)
26 (13.0)
46 (24.0)
195
Do you know that drugs have expiration/shelf-life?
Yes
2 (2.1)
7 (7.4)
25 (26.6)
9 (9.6)
51 (54.3)
94
148.01 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
63 (53.3)
34 (28.8)
1 (0.9)
19 (16.1)
1 (0.9)
118
Do you know if drugs taken by chickens pass to the eggs/meat?
Yes
1 (7.7)
1 (7.7)
7 (53.8)
3 (23.1)
1 (7.7)
13
25.50 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
64 (32.2)
40 (20.1)
19 (9.5)
25 (12.6)
51 (25.6)
199
Do you know if drugs in eggs/meat affect humans?
Yes
1 (7.7)
3 (23.0)
6 (46.2)
2 (15.4)
1 (7.7)
13
17.10 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
64 (32.2)
38 (19.1)
20 (10.0)
26 (13.1)
51 (25.6)
199
Do you know if there is any risk in eating/Selling of eggs/meat/chicken during or immediately after given drugs to the birds?
Yes
1 (9.1)
0 (0.0)
6 (54.5)
2 (18.2)
2 (18.2)
11
21.32 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
64 (31.8)
41 (20.4)
20 (10.0)
26 (12.9)
50 (24.9)
201
Are you aware of rules/regulations of antimicrobial usage?
Yes
1 (12.5)
0 (0.0)
3 (37.5)
0 (0.0)
4 (50.0)
8
10.12 (4)
0.04∗
No
64 (31.4)
41 (20.1)
23 (11.3)
28 (13.7)
48 (23.5)
204
Are you aware of any governing body responsible for controlling the use of antimicrobials in livestock production?
Yes
0 (0.0)
1 (33.4)
1 (33.3)
0 (0.0)
1 (33.3)
3
2.84 (4)
0.58
No
65 (31.1)
40 (19.1)
25 (12.0)
28 (13.4)
51 (24.4)
209
What do you consider as the most important risk to avoid?
Environmental pollution
1 (20.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
4 (80.0)
0 (0.0)
5
40.41 (8)
≤ 0.001
Inappropriate usage causing harm to humans
0 (0.0)
6 (75.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (25.0)
0 (0.0)
8
Loss of flock (mortality)
64 (32.2)
35 (17.6)
26 (13.1)
22 (11.0)
52 (26.1)
199
Are you aware that misuse and overuse of antimicrobials exposes humans and animals to antimicrobial resistant bacteria with dire consequence on human/animal health?
Yes
1 (6.7)
0 (6.7)
6 (40.0)
3 (20.0)
4 (26.6)
14
17.91 (4)
≤ 0.001
No
64(32.5)
41(20.3)
20(10.2)
25(12.7)
48(24.3)
198
< 0.05, values in parenthesis are percentages (%).
