Tissue-Welding Device: Considerable Advantages for Spleen Surgery Based on Histological and Cardiorespiratory Investigation

Table 1

Tissue changes caused by various surgical devices immediately after incision.

Histological Observation	Surgical devices
	Tissue-welding device	Laser	Electrocoagulator	Radiofrequency device	Scalpel
Wound edge (Figure 1)	Uneven	Smooth straight with yellow to black pigment accumulation (carbonization)	Uneven	Uneven, torn	Smooth, slightly uneven
Cellular changes (Figure 2)	Obscured and disorganized, stretched nuclei, karyolysis	Obscured and disorganized, stretched nuclei, karyolysis	Obscured and disorganized, stretched nuclei, karyolysis	No visible changes	No visible changes
Tissue changes	Cleft formation and cell separation	Deep clefts, vacuolation, and cell separation	Cleft formations filled with red blood cells, vacuolation, and cell separation	Cleft formation, cell separation, and vacuolation	Cleft formation, cell separation
Capsule	Vacuolation, hyalinization of collagen (Figure 3)	Vacuolation and cell separation	Total separations of the capsule from the parenchyma	Total separations of the capsule from the parenchyma	Total separations of the capsule from the parenchyma