Copper Super-Dosing Improves Performance of Heat-Stressed Broiler Chickens through Modulation of Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokine Genes

Table 1

Composition (g/kg) and nutritive values (g/kg as fed, unless stated otherwise) of the basal diet.

Ingredients	Starter (1–21 d)	Grower (22–35 d)
Maize	541.0	577.0
Soybean meal^1	288.0	240.8
Full fat soybean	65.0	70.0
Rice bran	30.0	30.0
Deoiled rape seed meal	25.0	25.0
Soybean oil	11.8	19.5
Dicalcium phosphate	15.5	14.0
Limestone powder	7.1	6.9
DL-Methionine	2.5	2.5
L-lysine HCl	1.4	1.8
L-threonine	0.4	0.7
Salt	3.0	2.5
Sodium bicarbonate	2.0	2.0
Trace mineral premix^2	1.0	1.0
Choline chloride 60%	0.5	0.5
Vitamin premix^3	0.5	0.5
Phytase 5000^4	0.1	0.1
Coccidiostat (diclazuril 0.5%)	0.2	0.2
Yeast protein^5	1.0	1.0
Deoiled rice bran^6	4.0	4.0
Nutritive values
AME MJ/kg	12.45	12.87
Crude protein^7	228.6	208.3
Digestible amino acids
Lysine	12.50	11.50
Methionine	4.80	4.40
Methionine + cysteine	8.80	8.40
Threonine	8.00	7.60
Tryptophan	2.00	2.00
Arginine	13.2	12.6
Isoleucine	8.9	7.9
Valine	9.8	9.1
Calcium^7	10.12	8.40
Available phosphorus	4.5	4.2
Sodium	2.4	2.2
Potassium	9.0	8.9
Chloride	2.5	2.2
Choline mg/kg	1650	1550
Crude fibre^7	31.17	28.21
Crude fat^7	51.65	55.65

¹Contained 490.5 g crude protein per kg; ²presented in the form of a protein chelate and contained (g/kg) iron (33.8), manganese (65.9), zinc (64.0), selenium (0.67), chromium (1.8), and iodine, as potassium iodide (4.28); ³Each kg contained vitamin A 13.5 MIU, vitamin D3 4.5 MIU, vitamin E 60 g, vitamin K3 3.5 g, vitamin B1 3.5 g, vitamin B2 8.0 g, vitamin B6 3.5 g, vitamin B 12 0.02 g, biotin 0.145 g, pantothenic acid 14.5 g, folic acid 2.25 g, niacin 60 g; ⁴Buttiauxella phytase with a declared activity of 5000 FTU/g; ⁵an equivalent amount was replaced with copper proteinate; ⁶used as a filler substance to accommodate the supplemental copper; ⁷analysed values.