| Effects, limitations & challenges | Type of treatment | Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) | MSCs-derived exosome | Ref |
| Antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects | | | [28, 33, 52] | Recovery of the secretion of the disturbed hormones | | | [14, 15, 33] | Recovery of folliculogenesis | | | [14, 15, 66] | Follicle maturation | | | [19, 22] | Decreasing oxidative damage, increasing oxidative protection | | | [28, 53] | Requiring to prolong the cell survival rate in vivo | | | [33] | Promoting the ovarian angiogenesis | | | [12, 35, 55] | Requiring the adequate cell sourcing | | | [42, 43] | Safety concern | | | [3, 15, 55] | Follow up the long-term effect of transplanted cells/cargo | | | [55, 70] | Requiring to standard isolation and characterization methods | | | [45] | Requiring to standard the administration method | | | [14, 71] | Unknown administration frequency | | | [13, 71] | Undetermined fate | | | [13, 14, 42, 43] | Undetermined pharmacokinetics in vivo | | | [13] | Tumorigenic potential | | ? | [11, 13–15] | Requiring to understand the exact mechanism | | | [17, 18, 44, 56, 61] | The effective dose requires further study for clinical trials | | | [32, 38, 40] | Increasing the yield | | | [52] | Needing to increase the production efficiency | | | [52] |
|
|