The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome (Extracellular Microvesicles and Exosomes) in Animals’ Musculoskeletal and Neurologic-Related Disorders

Table 1

Action of mesenchymal stem cells’ extracellular vesicles (EV) through miRNA’s expression and production on bone formation.

EV’s action	miRNA	miRNA’s action	Reference
Reduce expression	miRNA-144, miRNA-31, and miRNA-221	Inhibitors of osteogenesis	[46]
Increase expression	miRNA-21	Improvement in bone production	[46]
Increase expression	miRNA-146a-5p, miRNA-503-5p, miRNA-483-3p, and miRNA-129-5p	Related positively to new bone formation	[47]
Inhibition of action	miRNA-32-5p, miRNA-133-3p, and miRNA-204-5p	Activation of PI3K/AKT and MAP-kinase pathway, reducing osteogenesis	[47]
Production and secretion	miRNA-375	Activation of the IGFBP3 gene, responsible for increasing osteoblast proliferation	[45]
Production and secretion	miRNA-148-a	WNT5A/Ror2 pathway, reducing adipogenic differentiation, and increasing osteogenic potential	[48]
Production and secretion	miRNA-877	Increased expression of BMP2, which increases angiogenesis and bone deposition	[49]
Overexpression	miRNA-126	Induces osteoregeneration and VEGF’s expression	[50]
			[51]