Research Article

Indoor Self-Localization and Orientation Estimation of Smartphones Using Acoustic Signals

Table 3

Orientation estimation error (degrees) for different algorithms and network sizes. DoA estimates with uncertainty have a range of 180° instead of 360°.

Jacob et al. [19]Proposed
Without uncertaintyWith uncertainty
MeanStd.TrimMeanStd.Trim

0.132.9°9.2°1.4°4.6°11.2°2.0°
42.0°5.4°1.3°2.6°7.0°1.7°
51.8°3.6°1.3°2.2°6.2°1.5°
61.8°3.8°1.2°2.2°6.3°1.3°
72.1°5.3°1.2°2.9°8.6°1.3°
82.4°6.8°1.2°3.0°8.6°1.2°
92.5°6.8°1.1°4.2°12.3°1.2°
102.3°6.3°1.1°6.0°13.4°1.6°

0.233.3°11.3°1.4°4.9°11.5°2.1°
42.1°5.3°1.4°2.7°6.9°1.7°
52.2°7.8°1.3°2.1°5.3°1.5°
61.8°3.9°1.2°2.2°6.2°1.3°
72.1°5.3°1.2°2.9°9.0°1.3°
82.4°6.4°1.2°2.6°7.7°1.2°
92.3°6.6°1.1°3.7°10.6°1.2°
102.3°6.3°1.1°6.2°14.0°1.5°

0.332.9°10.2°1.4°4.6°11.0°2.1°
42.1°6.1°1.4°2.8°6.7°1.7°
51.8°3.6°1.3°2.3°5.8°1.5°
61.8°4.1°1.2°2.3°6.6°1.4°
72.3°6.4°1.2°2.8°8.1°1.4°
82.3°6.2°1.2°2.7°7.9°1.3°
92.2°5.8°1.1°3.6°10.3°1.2°
102.3°6.4°1.1°5.6°12.6°1.5°