A Review on Human Body Communication: Signal Propagation Model, Communication Performance, and Experimental Issues

Table 2

Signal propagation models and results.

Model	Coupling method	Model mechanism	Main results
Equivalent circuit model, Hachisuka et al. [44]	Cap-HBC & Gal-HBC	Four-terminal circuit model with six impedances	Higher gain in Cap-HBC
Multilayer tissue model, Wegmueller [41]	Gal-HBC	Equivalent Cole-Cole circuits	Muscle conduct majority current
Distributed circuit model, Amparo Callejón et al. [37]	Cap-HBC & Gal-HBC	Lossy transmission line	Cap-HBC: bandpass gain in 1–100 MHz; Gal-HBC: peak gain in 20–50 kHz
Circuit model, Kibret et al. [45]	Gal-HBC	Simplified layered tissue circuits	High-pass profile in gain in 0.2–10 MHz
Distributed RC model, Cho et al. [31]	Cap-HBC	Cascaded blocks of RC circuit	High-pass profile in gain in 0.1–100 MHz
FEM model, Xu et al. [35]	Cap-HBC	Body path with circuit model	High-pass gain in 10–100 MHz, body can reduce return path capacitance
FEM model, Callejon et al. [20]	Gal-HBC	Time-harmonic charge-continuity equation, Gauss’ law	Electric field mainly in outer layer of arm, electric current mainly in muscle layer, 20 dB attenuation with additional 5 cm channel length
FDTD model, Fujii et al. [19]	Cap-HBC	FDTD	TX GND electrode strengthen signal, electric field confined at the tip of arm
Quasistatic field model, Pun et al. [47]	Gal-HBC	Quasistatic field,; Maxwell’s equation	High-pass gain in sub-MHz
Electromagnetic field model, Bae et al. [52]	Cap-HBC	Time harmonic electromagnetic field; Maxwell’s equation	Near-field region: signal attenuation depend on , far field region: signal attenuation satisfy