Localization of Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks Using Niching Particle Swarm Optimization and Reliable Anchor Selection

Algorithm 1

Basic procedure of PSO algorithm.

 Initialize a swarm of particles in the given search space with random positions and velocities.

 while stop criteria are not met do

  Compute the fitness values of all particles.

  Compute for all particles, and .

  Update particle according to the following formula:

,  

 end while