Network Protocols, Schemes, and Mechanisms for Internet of Things (IoT): Features, Open Challenges, and Trends

Table 3

Characteristics and availability of IoT network protocols.

Encapsulation Technology	6LoWPAN	6TiSCH	ZIGBEE IP	6Lo-G.9959	6Lo-BLE	6Lo-NFC	6Lo-MS/TP	6Lo-DECT/ULE	802.11ah - Wi-Fi HaLow
Data Link Technology	IEEE 802.15.4	IEEE 802.15.4e (TSCH)	Zigbee Smart Energy - IEEE 802.15.4	ITU-T G.9959	Bluetooth LE	ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface	RS-485 physical layer	DECT ultra low energy PHY	IEEE 802.11ah
Usage	Wide range of applications	Industrial automation	Smart homes, remote controls and healthcare systems	Home automation	Interact/Smart home	Health care Service	District heating - automation networks	Meter reading	Rural communications and offloading cell phone tower traffic
Data Rates	(i) 250 Kbps at 2.4 GHz frequency band; (ii) 40 Kbps at 915 MHz frequency band; (iii) 20 Kbps at 868 MHz frequency band	Same as in LR-WPANs	Same as in LR-WPANs	According to the RF profile: (i) R1: 9.6 Kbit/s; (ii) R2: 40 Kbit/s; (iii) R3: 100 Kbit/s	1 Mbit/s at 2.4 GHz frequency ISM band	106 Kbit/s to 424 kbit/s at 13.56 MHz frequency ISM band	115.2 Kbit/s at shielded twisted pair wiring	1.152 Mbit/s symbol rate at 1880 - 1920 MHz frequency band	Up to 347 Mbit/s at 900 MHz frequency band
Mobility	A mobility management mechanism provided depending the application	A mobility management mechanism provided depending the application	A mobility management mechanism provided depending the application	No	Low	Moderate	No	No	No
Topology	Star, P2P and Multihop mesh	Star, P2P and multihop mesh	Star, P2P, cluster tree and mesh	Star, tree and mesh	Star, scatternets and no mesh	P2P and L2-Mesh	Bus and MS/TP	Star and no mesh	Star and no mesh
Security	High and privacy required	High and privacy required	High and privacy required	High and privacy required	Partially	High	High and authentication required	High and privacy required	High and privacy required
Buffering	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Latency	High	High	High	High	Low	High	High	Low	High
Applicable Routing protocols	(i) RPL; (ii) AODV	(i) RPL; (ii) P2P RPL; (iii) AODV	RPL	(i) RPL; (ii) P2P RPL	RPL	None needed	None needed	RPL	RPL
Advantages	(i) Small packet size; (ii) Low bandwidth; (iii) Low power; (iv) Low cost; (v) Location of the devices not predefined (ad-hoc); (vi) Scalability	(i) Large scaling capabilities; (ii) High reliability against interference; (iii) Low power consumption	(i) Low power; (ii) Low cost; (iii) Low bandwidth; (iv) Scalability; (v) Reduces environmental impact; (vi) Easy to use; (vii) Interoperability specification	(i) Low cost; (ii) Low power; (iii) Reliability; (iv) Real-time applications; (v) Collision avoidance mechanisms	(i) Low power; (ii) Small battery; (iii) Small amounts of data	(i) Simple, quick and safe transactions with a maximum communication speed.; (ii) Compatible with existing contactless card infrastructure	(i) Low cost; (ii) No mesh, broadcast, or fragmentation headers; (iii) Remains the only wired 6Lo PHY; (iv) Served as a pattern in formation of the IETF 6Lo working group	(i) Low power; (ii) Stable and long range; (iii) Two way voice and video; (iv) High capacity; (v) Long battery life; (vi) Interference free	(i) Lower energy consumption; (ii) Wide coverage range