Empirical Path-Loss Modeling and a RF Detection Scheme for Various Drones

Table 5

Model parameters.

Parameters	Symbol	DESST drone	Wi-Fi drone	Bluetooth drone
Path-loss initial value	L0	−71.41	−77.16	−72.91
Path-loss scalar	n	2.558	2.275	2.275
Distance	d	5-70 m	5-70 m	3-20 m
Reference distance	dref	5 m	5 m	2 m
Excess path-loss scalar	A	1.269	1.152	0.755
Angle	θ	0-55°	0-55°	0-28.84°
Angle offset	θ0	6.577	6.027	−2.022
Angle scalar	B	89.59	93.15	56.8
Std. mean	μ	−1.57	−2.69	0.07
Std. variance	σ	8.01	8.85	3.02
Frequency band		2.4005~2.4925 GHz	2.402~2.494 GHz	2.402~2.480 GHz