Managing Crowds with Wireless and Mobile Technologies

Table 3

Tools and technologies for CCHMS.

Name	Usages in our System
WSNs	Monitor and sense important indicators about environment based on some conditions like the level of oxygen, pressure, pollution, heat, which are very important managing health and crowd conditions.
RFID Tags	Detection of location and identity of objects in local area, which is critical in calculating the count of participants in specific area, as well as for searching objects in the crowd.
Drones	Observe crowd vertically from overhead positions in all directions. Additionally, we can use them to promptly deliver some material and medical supplies in areas where ground transportation is not feasible [27, 28].
Airships	Deploy them if GPS, Cellular network and Internet Connection do not work from ground [29].
IP Cameras	Take photo frames for headcount of segments of a crowd and then send them for processor as an input for our stampede detection algorithm included in this article [30].
Smart phone and devices	Use them instead of WSN, RFID or Alarm where Cellular/Wi-Fi connection is available. Also, use them for other applications provided in the article [31].
Digital Street	Turn venerable areas into a screen of LEDs to make it a tool for alerting and controlling crowds [32].
GPS	For finding global location of objects and tracking
FOG	Caching and expediting processing of the data generated by various tools and devices included in this table. If were to use cloud instead, there would be latency in communicating, transferring data, and decision-making. Latency in a sensitive system like ours can lead to the system failure.
Cloud	Storing and processing historical data into a data warehouse for the purpose of data mining and big data analytics.