A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/wcmc/volume-2018/8237351/figures/8237351.fig.009a.svgz" name="8237351.fig.009a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>PDR at various <svg height="14.491084pt" id="M374" style="vertical-align:-5.528964pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.049816 -8.96212 30.663226 14.491084" width="30.663226pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.203,3.132)"><path d="M786 370C786 572 637 650 431 650H137L130 618C217 606 220 603 204 519L129 127C115 48 107 39 26 30L18 0H270C410 0 516 20 609 75C722 140 786 240 786 370ZM683 373C683 178 547 40 323 40C298 40 264 40 241 45C213 51 207 64 220 127L295 545C304 582 309 595 320 601C335 610 367 613 406 613C570 613 683 538 683 373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.264,3.132)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.118,3.132)"><path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.593,3.132)"><path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.704,3.132)"><path d="M563 395C563 428 543 451 519 451C500 451 480 438 472 423C468 415 465 403 470 394C477 381 482 368 482 347C482 272 386 136 342 74H340C334 163 323 257 312 337C302 410 290 451 257 451C214 451 160 385 127 338L145 310C169 341 203 373 209 373C219 373 225 369 232 325C249 215 269 62 271 -15C220 -80 135 -165 18 -231L26 -257L142 -230C254 -105 279 -74 342 13C394 85 484 211 526 286C553 334 563 365 563 395Z"></path></g></svg> values</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/wcmc/volume-2018/8237351/figures/8237351.fig.009b.svgz" name="8237351.fig.009b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>The average end-to-end delay at various <svg height="14.491084pt" id="M375" style="vertical-align:-5.528964pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.049816 -8.96212 30.663226 14.491084" width="30.663226pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.203,3.132)"><path d="M786 370C786 572 637 650 431 650H137L130 618C217 606 220 603 204 519L129 127C115 48 107 39 26 30L18 0H270C410 0 516 20 609 75C722 140 786 240 786 370ZM683 373C683 178 547 40 323 40C298 40 264 40 241 45C213 51 207 64 220 127L295 545C304 582 309 595 320 601C335 610 367 613 406 613C570 613 683 538 683 373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.264,3.132)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.118,3.132)"><path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.593,3.132)"><path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.704,3.132)"><path d="M563 395C563 428 543 451 519 451C500 451 480 438 472 423C468 415 465 403 470 394C477 381 482 368 482 347C482 272 386 136 342 74H340C334 163 323 257 312 337C302 410 290 451 257 451C214 451 160 385 127 338L145 310C169 341 203 373 209 373C219 373 225 369 232 325C249 215 269 62 271 -15C220 -80 135 -165 18 -231L26 -257L142 -230C254 -105 279 -74 342 13C394 85 484 211 526 286C553 334 563 365 563 395Z"></path></g></svg> values</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="c"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/wcmc/volume-2018/8237351/figures/8237351.fig.009c.svgz" name="8237351.fig.009c" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(c) </b>The energy tax at various <svg height="14.491084pt" id="M376" style="vertical-align:-5.528964pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.049816 -8.96212 30.663226 14.491084" width="30.663226pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.203,3.132)"><path d="M786 370C786 572 637 650 431 650H137L130 618C217 606 220 603 204 519L129 127C115 48 107 39 26 30L18 0H270C410 0 516 20 609 75C722 140 786 240 786 370ZM683 373C683 178 547 40 323 40C298 40 264 40 241 45C213 51 207 64 220 127L295 545C304 582 309 595 320 601C335 610 367 613 406 613C570 613 683 538 683 373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.264,3.132)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.118,3.132)"><path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.593,3.132)"><path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.704,3.132)"><path d="M563 395C563 428 543 451 519 451C500 451 480 438 472 423C468 415 465 403 470 394C477 381 482 368 482 347C482 272 386 136 342 74H340C334 163 323 257 312 337C302 410 290 451 257 451C214 451 160 385 127 338L145 310C169 341 203 373 209 373C219 373 225 369 232 325C249 215 269 62 271 -15C220 -80 135 -165 18 -231L26 -257L142 -230C254 -105 279 -74 342 13C394 85 484 211 526 286C553 334 563 365 563 395Z"></path></g></svg> values</td></tr></table>

<div>The impact of parameter <svg height="14.491084pt" id="M373" style="vertical-align:-5.528964pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.049816 -8.96212 30.663226 14.491084" width="30.663226pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.203,3.132)"><path d="M786 370C786 572 637 650 431 650H137L130 618C217 606 220 603 204 519L129 127C115 48 107 39 26 30L18 0H270C410 0 516 20 609 75C722 140 786 240 786 370ZM683 373C683 178 547 40 323 40C298 40 264 40 241 45C213 51 207 64 220 127L295 545C304 582 309 595 320 601C335 610 367 613 406 613C570 613 683 538 683 373Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.264,3.132)"><path d="M398 365C398 411 356 451 297 451C250 451 198 430 151 397C65 336 24 230 24 139C24 14 97 -12 148 -12C198 -12 284 7 373 104L355 130C306 84 246 53 198 53C132 53 111 109 111 163V189C209 211 398 261 398 365ZM317 351C317 308 273 262 117 225C134 338 189 383 221 399C230 404 249 407 263 407C295 407 317 389 317 351Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.118,3.132)"><path d="M238 675C244 702 241 710 231 710C220 710 155 682 74 673L70 643H101C147 643 151 635 142 594L39 111C18 11 36 -12 55 -12C89 -12 170 38 223 103L207 129C176 98 130 68 118 68C113 68 108 72 114 102L238 675Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,20.593,3.132)"><path d="M490 97L476 124C442 96 405 70 398 70C392 70 390 78 396 114C419 243 448 379 463 432L457 436C446 436 431 439 418 442C393 447 368 451 343 451C281 451 204 418 155 381C74 320 24 206 24 107C24 23 59 -12 88 -12C118 -12 155 5 191 34C236 70 290 122 328 177H330L312 84C296 0 311 -12 331 -12C355 -12 425 24 490 97ZM374 387C371 367 360 299 347 264C323 202 187 53 142 53C128 53 113 73 113 120C113 224 157 332 221 380C241 395 274 403 303 403C330 403 360 395 374 387Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.704,3.132)"><path d="M563 395C563 428 543 451 519 451C500 451 480 438 472 423C468 415 465 403 470 394C477 381 482 368 482 347C482 272 386 136 342 74H340C334 163 323 257 312 337C302 410 290 451 257 451C214 451 160 385 127 338L145 310C169 341 203 373 209 373C219 373 225 369 232 325C249 215 269 62 271 -15C220 -80 135 -165 18 -231L26 -257L142 -230C254 -105 279 -74 342 13C394 85 484 211 526 286C553 334 563 365 563 395Z"></path></g></svg> on the SORP performance.</div>

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks 