Past Results, Present Trends, and Future Challenges in Intrabody Communication

Table 6

Comparison of galvanic intrabody communication systems developed using discrete components.

Institution	Authors	Year	Coupling amplitude	Carrier frequency	Modulation	Data rate; b/s	Power consumption	Application	Reference
Waseda University, Japan	Handa et al.	1997	20 μA	70 kHz	PWM	0.9 k	8 μW	ECG monitoring	[90]
University of California, USA	Lindsey et al.	1998	3 mA	37 kHz	FM			Communication with implantable transducers	[91]
ETH Zurich, Switzerland	Oberle	2002	4 mA	60 kHz	CPFSK	4.8 k		Low-power biomedical communication	[92]
	Wegmüller	2007	1 mA	256 kHz	BPSK	64 k	20 mW	On-body monitoring sensors, wireless implant communication	[93, 94]
Victoria University, Australia	Seyedi et al.	2014	650 mV	0.5–17.5 MHz	4-PPM, 8-PPM	1.56 M	2.0 mW (1.28 nJ/b)	Biomedical applications	[95, 96]